Introduction: Twenty five to thirty five percent of female infertility cases were caused by tubal factors, though it offers little morphological detail. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is still the recommended first test for tubal clarity evaluation. A non-surgical option that may be used to more characterize tubal disease is transvaginal sonography (TVS). Aim of the Study: To evaluate the role of TVS following HSG in confirming and characterizing tubal blockage in infertile women. Methodology: This observational study included 59 infertile women who underwent both HSG and subsequent TVS at our institution. Demographic data, medical history, and surgical background were recorded. HSG was performed using standard radiographic contrast technique. TVS was conducted by experienced sonographers who were aware of HSG findings. Cross-tabulation analysis assessed concordance between modalities. Results: Mean age was 29.5 years; 50.8% had primary and 49.2% secondary infertility. HSG demonstrated right tube blockage in 27.1% and left tube blockage in 25.4%. TVS showed perfect concordance with HSG 100% agreement for both patent/normal and blocked/dilated categories. Those 20 patients who had confirmed blockage, TVS identified hydrosalpinx in 33.9% containing 10 bilateral, 6 right, 4 left and adhesions in 25.4% containing 9 bilateral, 4 right, 2 left. Conclusion: TVS following HSG confirms tubal blockage while providing morphological characterization. Hydrosalpinx detection carries direct therapeutic implications for IVF planning. We recommend routine TVS when HSG demonstrates tubal obstruction to optimize fertility management.

Biosorption is gaining popularity as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method for treating wastewater containing heavy metal ions. Ficus religiosa, a plant that is available almost everywhere in Pakistan, was selected as a raw material to prepare carbonized biomass, which can efficiently adsorb Ni(II) ions from water. To find out how key operating parameters like the initial metal ions concentration, biosorbent dosage, and solution pH affect the adsorption, batch experiments were carried out. The biosorbent was tested by performing bulk density determination, conducting titration, determining the point of zero charge (pHpzc), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The Boehm titration was done for estimating the total number of acidic and basic groups available on the biosorbent surface. The FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of different groups like hydroxyl (-OH), methyl (-CH), methylene (-CH), carbonyl (C=O), and amine (NH) which are responsible for the binding of the Ni(II) ions. The surface charge of the biosorbent neutralizes at a pH of 6.5, meaning that the process of adsorption will be more efficient at pH levels close to neutral. Adsorption isotherms were modeled by the Langmuir and the Freundlich equations. The data showed the Langmuir isotherm model was the best fit (R = 0.9924), which indicated monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface, while the Freundlich model exhibited a smaller correlation (R = 0.9626). On the whole, these results reveal that carbonized Ficus religiosa leaf biomass is not only an efficient but also a low-cost and environmentally friendly biosorbent for Ni(II) ions removal from water, presenting the opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment.

Objective: After the treatment of the pregnant women with preeclampsia by the conventional method plus levo progesterone, the levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in blood and placental tissue and the changes of routine symptom indexes were detected to analyze the protective effect of l-progesterone on the disease. Methods: Peripheral blood of 18 cases pregnant women were extracted. Control group: 6 cases, conventional treatment group (using conventional treatment): 6 cases, sinistral progesterone group (using sinistral progesterone treatment): 6 cases. Level of vWF and ET-1 of serum was examined by ELISA. The expression of vWF and ET-1 in placenta was detected by westeron blot. Mean arterial pressure, 24h urine volume and 24h urine protein were checked in conventional treatment group and sinistral progesterone group. Results: Before therapy, contrast to control group, vWF (122.65±7.13，123.51±6.23) and ET-1 (78.32±11.89，79.46±12.35) expression level in blood and vWF (0.857±0.026. 0.861±0.027) and ET-1 (0.469±0.027，0.474±0.026) in placenta were significantly increased respectively in conventional treatment group and sinistral progesterone group, their difference had statistical significance (P<0.05); After therapy, vWF (114.57±6.52，110.51±4.32) and ET-1 (65.24±5.75，58.11±6.43) expression level in blood and vWF (0.611±0.025，0.579±0.024) and ET-1 (0.396±0.020，0.358±0.021) in placenta tissue were significantly decreased respectively in conventional treatment group and sinistral progesterone group, 24 h urine protein quantity（9.8±3.2）（7.4±3.1）were significantly decreased, 24 h urine volume （1831.5±221.6）（2214.3±103.4） were significantly increased, sinistral progesterone is better than that of conventional treatment group, contrast to before therapy, theere differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sinistral progesterone reduce level of ET-1 of blood, expression level of vWF and ET-1 in placental tissues to improve patients symptoms.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) remain a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with current treatments largely focused on symptomatic management rather than addressing underlying genetic causes. This study evaluates the effectiveness, therapeutic potential, and clinical feasibility of CRISPR-based gene-editing interventions in the personalized treatment of CHDs. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from clinical trials, laboratory experiments, and genomic datasets, with stratified sampling to ensure representation across different CHD types and genetic mutations. Statistical analyses assessed gene correction rates, improvements in cardiac function, survival, symptom reduction, and quality of life, alongside safety metrics including adverse effects, off-target mutations, and immune responses. Results indicate that advanced CRISPR techniques such as base editing and prime editing—achieved high mutation correction rates (72%–88%) with low off-target effects (1.5%–6%) and meaningful improvements in cardiac function (60%–75%). Personalized approaches, including patient-specific guide RNAs, iPSC-based ex vivo editing, genomic profiling-guided prime editing, and AI-assisted targeting, led to increased survival (30%–40%), reduced symptoms (55%–65%), decreased hospital readmissions, and enhanced quality of life (65%–75%), with all findings statistically significant (p < 0.05). Safety evaluation demonstrated acceptable adverse effect rates (6%–14%) and moderate immune responses (4%–9%), while ethical compliance and clinical feasibility scores were high (7.0–9.0 and 6.5–8.5, respectively). These findings suggest that CRISPR-based therapies are both effective and clinically feasible for personalized CHD treatment, supporting a shift from symptom-based interventions to curative, gene-targeted strategies. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery systems, ensuring long-term safety, and developing scalable clinical protocols to advance precision medicine for CHDs.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), caused by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, leads to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are classes of therapeutic agents that have shown cardiovascular effects on top of glycemic regulation. In this narrative review, existing evidence on pharmacological mechanisms and cardiovascular outcome data of the two drug classes are synthesized. The main effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are cardioprotective by hemodynamic and natriuretic mechanisms, enhanced myocardial energetics, and renal protection, and strong decreases in heart failure hospitalization and chronic kidney disease progression. Conversely, GLP-1 receptor agonists have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce major adverse cardiovascular events and stroke to a significant degree. Comparative analysis points to complementary processes and phenotype-specific advantages. Incorporation of these agents into modern management of T2DM is a paradigm shift in outcomes-based cardiometabolic care. There are also research gaps and future therapeutic implications.

Background: Neck masses whether benign or malignant are abnormal growths or lumps that develop in the neck area, and are a common clinical concern. Organized and accurate diagnostic methods are essential for their proper evaluation and management. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the types of neck masses and their association with multiple neck-related diseases using various diagnostic tools among patients belonging to District Lower Dir, Pakistan. Methodology: A comprehensive evaluation of neck masses was conducted in 242 patients including males and females of different ages by using physical examination, ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), gene Xpert, and ultrasound-guided FNAC (USG-FNAC) analyses. Results: Among total patients, 50.41% were males while 49.58% were females. Furthermore, acute, sub-acute, and chronic neck masses were observed in patients 10-70 years old. The ages of 30.5% patients were 10-20 years old, 48.3% were 21-40 years and 21% were 41-70 years old, reported with neck masses. Abscesses and benign thyroid diseases were more common in the 21-40 years age group. However, metastatic squamous carcinoma was predominantly detected in patients from 41-70 years. Furthermore, malignancies were more frequent in patients over 50 years, whereas neck masses in younger patients were typically non-malignant. The patients diagnosed with neck mass through physical examination, ultrasonography, FNAC, Gene Xpert and USG-FNAC were 24.79, 28.09, 22.31, 14.87, and 9.92%, respectively. Among physically diagnosed patients, further neck mass-related diseases were detected as a dermoid cyst (25%), preauricular sinus (11.66%), cervical lymphadenitis (25%), hematoma pinna ear (11.66%), seroma pinna ear (5%), thyroiditis (10%) and lipoma (11.66%). In addition, diseases like thyroglossal duct cysts (14.70%), abscesses (70.58%), pharyngeal pouch (1.47%), bronchial cysts (10.29%) and Ludwig angina (2.94%) were identified with ultrasonography. The patients diagnosed with FNAC have benign thyroid diseases (42.22%), pleomorphic adenoma (16.66%), cystic hygroma (1.11%) and cervical tuberculosis (40%). Similarly, the patients diagnosed with USG-FNAC have medullary thyroid carcinoma (25%), metastatic squamous carcinoma (33.33%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (8.33%), lymphoma (29.16%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (4.16%). Conclusion: Our findings highlight the age-related incidence of malignancies in neck masses in the local population of the Dir district. Additionally, ultrasound-guided FNAC emerged as the most sensitive diagnostic method for evaluating neck masses.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a very specialized dynamic interface which maintains homeostasis in the central nervous system through tightly controlled molecular and cellular interchange between the blood and the brain. It is growingly recognized that BBB dysfunction is a rather acute and primary pathogenic factor of neurodegenerative diseases but not the result of neuronal death. This review summarizes existing information about the molecular pathways involved in the disruption of BBB in several of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We pay attention to changes of endothelial tight junctions, pericyte degeneration, astrocyte malfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix that all undermine the integrity of barriers. Besides that, we also discuss disease-specific modifications in BBB transport systems including glucose transporters, ATP-binding cascade efflux pumps, receptor-mediated transcytosis routes, and the ion transport and clearance of toxins, which play a pivotal role in nutrient delivery, toxin clearance, and drug permeability. A clear comprehension of these molecular and transport changes in various conditions of neurodegeneration offers insight to the disease progressions and heterogeneity. Lastly, we comment on the early therapeutic interventions and drugs that are now being developed to repair BBB functionality or selectively regulate its transport characteristics with the BBB serving as a source of biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.

Unlike any other, this study investigated how possible innovative nutritional labeling techniques affected consumers' intentions to purchase packaged food products. These elements included; the effects of employing color markings, QR codes, sensors, smart expiration dates, halal emblems, clear disclaimers, and larger print sizes through which a study could identified key factors that boosted consumer confidence and transparency in the product. The study also ascertained how catchy cartoon characters or celebrities feature on labels would also tempted the young audience into resulting in purchasing decisions. According to results 59.9% consumers claimed they were willing to pay more for such products and 51.2% consumers say these changes affected their willingness to buy. Price was still a major determinant for some individuals, but because of demographic analysis, women and those educated to a higher level are ready to embrace these features. From these outcomes, it can be inferred that inclusive, clear, culturally appropriate, and personal labeling mechanisms had a substantial impact on consumer decisions. Therefore, this report calls for further research on regional differences and digital labeling technologies towards firm-targeted strategies.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent bacterial infections affecting women and represent a major cause of outpatient visits and hospital admissions. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens has complicated empirical treatment, particularly in developing countries where antibiotic misuse is common. Objective: To determine the distribution of uropathogens and assess antimicrobial resistance patterns among women presenting with urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from 27th May 2025 to 27th Oct 2025. Midstream urine samples from 300 symptomatic female patients aged 20–80 years were cultured. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method in accordance with CLSI 2025 guidelines. Results: Out of 300 urine samples, 85 (28.3%) yielded significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (64.7%), followed by Citrobacter species (7.0%) and Enterobacter species (5.8%). Overall, high resistance was observed against ampicillin (82.4%), ciprofloxacin (58.8%), and co-trimoxazole (52.9%). Among E. coli isolates, ampicillin resistance was particularly high (90.9%). Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin demonstrated comparatively low resistance rates. Multidrug resistance was predominantly observed among E. coli isolates. Conclusion: A high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli limits the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics in this region. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin remain reliable options for empirical therapy in uncomplicated UTIs.