Abstract Persistent infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important factor causing cervical cancer. In recent years, infection with multiple HPV types has been confirmed in various studies. High-risk HPV 16 and 18 and low-risk HPV 6 are the most common causes of multitype HPV infection. Infection with multiple types of HPV, which results from individual susceptibility, is crucial in tumor susceptibility. This paper summarizes the common types of multiple HPV infection to enable further research on the relationship between HPV and tumor susceptibility.

Abstract A liver fluke is a digenetic trematode parasitizing in the hepatic ducts of human beings or animals. Patients with liver fluke infection suffer from a series of hepatobiliary diseases. The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma is significantly high in areas with a high incidence of clonorchiasis. A liver fluke is an important biocarcinogenic factor in the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma. The secretory products of the body of this parasite and long-term mechanical stimulation induce continuous inflammation of the bile duct. Gene expression of the bile duct cells is imbalanced, leading to carcinogenesis of the bile duct. This article provides a summary of recent studies on the epidemiology, clinicopathology, and molecular biology of cholangiocarcinoma induced by liver fluke infection.

Abstract The incidence of fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) has gradually increased in recent years. Intracranial fungal infection can be classified as diffuse and focal infections. The clinical manifestations of these infections include fever and cranial pressure caused by meningitis or meningoencephalitis, as well as focal neurological defects caused by lesions in the intracranial space. Diagnosing fungal infections of the CNS requires comprehensive analysis of the patient’s medical history, epidemiology, underlying disease, clinical manifestation, imaging manifestations, and results from various laboratory tests. The identification of fungal bodies or structures in brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid specimens is the golden standard of diagnosis. The principles for the treatment of fungal infections of the CNS are the effective control of pathogenic risk factors, use of effective antifungal drugs, and the active implementation of surgical intervention for fungal abscesses and granulomas. In the meantime, new diagnoses and treatments should be actively explored to improve the prognosis of patients.

Abstract Psoriasis is a common clinical disease, and its pathogenesis is closely related to infecting microorganisms. Studies in recent years indicated thatMalasseziaplays an important role in occurrence and development of psoriasis. This study provides an overview on the role ofMalasseziain development of psoriasis based on three aspects, namely, clinical observation, antifungal therapy, and immunology research.

Abstract Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease is a highly common gynecological disease. It is often caused by the failure to completely treat acute pelvic inflammatory disease or persistent disease due to the poor physique of patients. This paper provides a summary of the recent research studies on chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.

Abstract B cells play immunomodulatory roles mainly by presenting antigens and producing antibodies. In recent years, some B cells were shown to exhibit regulatory functions. This type of B cell was named regulatory B cells (Bregs). Bregs can mediate immune tolerance to inhibit excessive inflammatory responses and to accelerate recovery of inflammation by producing interleukin 10 and/or transforming growth factor β1 and other inhibitory cytokines. Studies showed that Bregs play important roles in parasites, bacteria, and viral infections. This study reviews biological characteristics, functions, and microsignal regulation of Bregs and their mechanism in infectious diseases and related research progress.

Abstract Orthopedic patients mostly comprise traumatic patients and elderly or sick individuals. More patients with emergency surgery suffer from open wounds and serious pollution, and operation time is relatively long. Thus, orthopedic patients with surgical incision infection account for a large proportion of incidence of hospital infection. Orthopedic patients are also bedridden for long periods, and they receive poor bone tissue blood supply. In surgical incision infections, mild cases suffer from delayed wound healing, whereas severe cases can form osteomyelitis. This study reviews progress of research on risk factors of nosocomial infection among orthopedic patients in recent years.

Abstract Herpes zoster (HZ) is a varicella zoster virus (VZV) that attacks locality of nerves and skin, resulting information of clusters of blisters on the skin connected unilateral facial nerve and accompanying apparent nerve pain. Incidence ranges from 3.2 to 4.2 per 1000 populations per year in the United States. Influence factors of HZ include age, infection history with VZV, vaccination history of varicella vaccine, reduced immunocompetence, and other diseases. Current domestic studies on HZ mainly focus on clinical reports of case treatment. This study reviews advances in foreign epidemiological studies of HZ.

Abstract In recent years, owing to abuse of antibiotics, extensive use of antitumor drugs and immunosuppressive agents and other reasons, an increasing number of people suffered from fungal infection. In this situation, researchers proposed new diagnosis methods, such as G test, galactomannan (GM) test, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). G test is simple, quick, and highly sensitive and can detect multiple fungi; however, it cannot distinguish fungal types and may result in false positive and false negative results. GM test is less time consuming and feature highly positive detection rates but can simply be used in inspection of invasive aspergillosis. However, optimal positive critical values of GM test remain controversial. PCR is currently one of the fastest methods but is not formally used in clinical practice because of its lack of standardized operation and evaluation criteria. This study reviews the above three methods with the aim of discovering and summarizing their advantages and disadvantages to facilitate research and development of new diagnosis methods.

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-12 family is a group of cytokines composed of heterogeneous molecules and whose members include IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35. IL-12 family bridges natural and adaptive immune responses and especially plays a significant role in classical adaptive immune process participated by TH1, TH17, and Treg cells. Members of IL-12 family participate in adaptive immune responses via the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway by sharing some subunits and receptors. IL-12 features an extremely complex regulatory network. During resistance of microbial infection, IL-12 and IL-23 mainly show inflammatory effects, whereas IL-27 and IL-35 commonly show antiinflammatory effects. This study reviews advances in studies related to IL-12 family members and infectious diseases and provides references to further reveal functions of IL-12 family members in occurrence and development of infectious diseases.