COVID-19 is the third rising epidemic in the 21st century that quickly turned into a worldwide pandemic. Many clinical studies have been achieved to investigate treatments to confront COVID-19. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to describe the recent treatment strategies to treat COVID-19 patients. A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science direct, Up to date, and Web of Science using the keywords of Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Treatment, Medicine, Therapy, Intervention, Drug, Medications, and Cure. All the relevant articles were collected from December 2019 to July 2020. We included 58 studies including 38 articles (eleven reviews, ten editorial documents, three case reports, one mix method, one cohort study), and 19 published clinical trials. Review of studies showed that Lopinavir/Ritonavir (n=16), Remdesivir (n=13), Convalescent plasma (n=11), Chloroquine (n=11), Ribavirin (n=9), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (n=8), Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (n=8), and Arbidol (n=7), were the most frequently therapies used to treat COVID-19 patients. In the absence of definitive treatment protocols, recently proposed approaches have appeared to be an effective therapy for accelerating the recovery of COVID-19 patients. Some of these treatments may have been in the early stages of testing. However, future preclinical and clinical trials are warranted to validate findings.

In the current scenario of the COVID 19 pandemic, the protective reflexes, namely sneeze and cough, have received great importance. However, it is not in terms of protection but in terms of the spread of infection. The present review tries to bring out the correlation between the physiology of sneeze and cough, taking into consideration the various receptors that initiate the two reflexes, then correlating it with the formation of expelled droplets and the significance of various aspects of droplets that lead to the spread of infection. For the compilation of the present review, we searched the terms "Physiology of cough", "Physiology of sneeze", "droplets", "aerosols" and "Aerosols in COVID 19". The above-mentioned terms were extensively searched on PubMed, Google Scholar, and google search engine. After reviewing the various available material, the most significant research has been considered for this review. Through this review, we conclude that there are various factors responsible for the initiation of sneeze and cough, but in the case of infection, it is mainly the inflammatory reaction that directly stimulates the receptors to produce the reflex outburst air. As the flow of air during expiration is turbulent, it causes damage to the Epithelial Lining Fluid present in the respiratory conduit. In addition, it gets admixed with the saliva in the oropharynx and oral cavity and mucus in the nose to form droplets of various sizes. Large droplets settle close and are responsible for droplet and fomite transmission, but the smaller droplets remain suspended in the air and travel farther distances to cause airborne transmission. The spread of droplet cloud in sneezing may range to 6m or more as compared to cough; hence the concept of 1m to 2m of social distancing does not hold reliable if the patient is sneezing.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of group A beta-hemolytic pharyngitis by assessing the outcome of the culture and the resistance and sensitivity of group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus to antibiotics. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 patients aged 3-15 years, referred to the clinic with complaints of sore throat. Patients' history was collected and physical examination was performed and was score based on clinical findings. Patients with other underlying pathologies and those taking antibiotics prior to the study were excluded from our study. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method against cephalexin, cefazolin, erythromycin and amoxicillin. A total of 170 patients were reported with sore throat. Patients with positive culture results were 60% male and 40% female. Amoxicillin resistance was the greatest (5%) in the culture. All isolated bacteria were sensitive to amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefazolin and erythromycin. Patients with McIssac score ≥ 6 showed clinical sensitivity 75% specificity 61% negative predictive value 94.8% and positive predictive value 20.3% for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. The results showed the higher the clinical score, the greater the chance of positive throat culture.

Certain infectious diseases are more common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.

The pandemic spread of COVID 19 caused by the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV- 2) produced a tremendous effect on the life of humanity across the globe. The epidemiological studies revealed the drastic spectrum of SARS-CoV 2 infection ranging from mere flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory suppression within a short period. Initially, cases have been confined in the emerging point, Wuhan, China. But, within a few months, it has spread all over 212 countries around the globe and presently has become a severe threat to human life. Even though it is a severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, recent reports came with multiple organ effects of SARS-CoV 2, suggesting the virulence potential of this novel virus to sweep the planet in the absence of a proper vaccine or therapy. In this review, we discuss the multi-organ pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection, together with the treatment methods adopted and innovative diagnostic methods used.

During the recent decade, CTX-M-type enzymes, primarily CTX-M-15 extended- spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) have strikingly developed throughout the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of CTX-M-type β-lactamases, as well as blaCTXM- 15 among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Khorramabad, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 60 isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from selected teaching hospitals in Khorramabad, Iran. ESBLs producing isolates were identified using phenotypic double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaCTX-M-types, as well as blaCTX-M-15 gene, were investigated by PCR method. While the highest resistance rates of isolates were found to nalidixic acid (65%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60%) antibiotics, the least resistance was to imipenem (15%). Moreover, 31(51.7%) isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics and designated as multidrug resistance (MDR). Fifty-two (86.7%) of 60 isolates were ESBLs positive. Thirty-five (58.3%) isolates harbored CTX-M-type β-lactamases, and also 29 (48.3%) isolates carried blaCTX-M-15. This study presents the first report on the frequency of blaCTX-M-15 in the west of Iran, so that our results showed ESBL of CTX-M-15 may partly account for hydrolyzing thirdgeneration cephalosporins.

The recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) and its worldwide spread is posing one of the major threats to human health and the world economy. It has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV based on the comparison of the genome sequence. Despite the genomic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, the spike glycoprotein and receptor binding domain in SARS-CoV-2 shows the considerable difference compared to SARS-CoV, due to the presence of several point mutations. The analysis of receptor binding domain (RBD) from recently published 3D structures of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (Yan, R., et al. (2020); Wrapp, D., et al. (2020); Walls, A. C., et al. (2020)) highlights the contribution of a few key point mutations in RBD of spike glycoprotein and molecular basis of its efficient binding with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).