The flame temperature is a crucial parameter in combustion, indicating heat generation and transfer. However, determining the correct temperature becomes challenging when flame emissivity is unknown. This article presents a multispectral 2D temperature field reconstruction method using particle swarm optimization and the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm, combined with multivariate extreme-value optimization. This method establishes an objective function based on the correlation between the true temperature and spectral data. The objective function was minimized by adjusting the emissivity, enabling the reconstruction of 2D temperature and emissivity images without assuming an emissivity model. Calibration with a multispectral camera yielded the spectral response coefficients, and three-time spline interpolation was used to verify the calibration data. The reconstructed 2D temperature field showed a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.61 and structural similarity (SSIM) of 0.995. The reconstructed emissivity image had an MAE range of 0.04 to 0.053 and an SSIM range of 0.897 to 0.915. The system, tested on a butane flame, showed a temperature range of 1001 K to 1356 K, with an average temperature of 1194 K and emissivity values ranging from 0.3166 to 0.8621. The results align with the expected combustion process and radiation characteristics distribution of the butane flame.

The spatial distribution of signals in X-ray diffraction (XRD) may be very narrow, posing challenges in obtaining high angular resolution results through traditional methods. This article explores multi-frame super-resolution algorithms from the field of image processing, selecting and refining the best suited to the requirements of the crystal truncation rod (CTR) test. Consequently, a new algorithm with a corresponding methodology is proposed. This approach is subsequently applied to characterize the CTR signal of SrTiO3 single-crystal samples, effectively enhancing the clarity of blurry and rough CTR cross-section signals. The resolution with this method surpasses that obtained using the pixel size alone, which is beneficial for characterizing weak signals. By combining data in three dimensions, a significantly enhanced three-dimensional CTR signal is obtained. This method enables the extraction of otherwise difficult-to-obtain information and can be conveniently integrated into subsequent theoretical work. Moreover, these methods hold potential for application in other techniques that require improved resolution under similar conditions.

Dissolved oxygen concentration is one of the important indicators of water quality. In order to achieve low-cost and stable measurement of dissolved oxygen in water, this paper reported a single-optical-path dissolved oxygen sensor based upon quenching of single optical path fluorescence. A sol-gel method was used to prepare an oxygen sensitive membrane with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and triethoxy(octyl)silane (octyl-triEOS) as the precursor embedded with tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride (Ru(dpp)3Cl2) to optimize the nitrogen-oxygen quenching ratio and improve the performance of the sensor. Optical stability experiments were also conducted. A single-optical-path structure was adopted to reduce complexity, and the fluorescence intensity was calculated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The number of calculations were effectively reduced by measuring and storing the fluorescence intensity at 0 mg/L in advance. Calibration experiments were performed on the sensor, and the oxygen sensitive membrane with the highest sensitivity was prepared by the control variable method. The results showed that the fluorescence dyes in the prepared oxygen sensitive membrane were uniformly dispersed, and a fitted Stern–Volmer equation was obtained with a linearity of 0.994 and a sensitivity of 0.115; moreover, the light stability was good. Performance testing and anti-interference experiments were conducted, and the results showed that the standard deviation was 0.076 mg/L and the relative standard deviation was 0.805%. The errors due to changes in salinity and pH were both less than 0.25 mg/L. The sensor offers high accuracy and anti-interference ability, and is suitable for water quality monitoring and marine science.

A rapid and simple magnetic solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method is reported to determine vancomycin in human plasma. The Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite was prepared using silica nanoparticles obtained from rice husk waste and its modification using ammonia solution to obtain a Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 nanohybrid as a new sorbent. The structure and morphology of the sorbent were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanosorbent was successfully used in magnetic solid phase extraction without hazardous solvents in 9 min with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Under the optimized conditions, the method provided a linear range from 10 to 1000 ng mL−1. The intra-day (n = 3) and inter-day precision (n = 3 working days) were below 10% relative standard deviation. The developed procedure was employed for determining vancomycin in human plasma with recoveries from 84.0 to 109.5% for spiked samples.

Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) based upon synchrotron radiation is ideal for the in situ study of crystal structural changes during heating at high temperatures. This contribution describes a small furnace for in situ WAXS. The furnace has a wide coverage of scattered/diffracted angle from 0 to 135°, heats samples from room temperature to 1000 °C at 20 °C/min, and is suitable for in situ WAXS and radial distribution function of materials. Temperature calibration and safety verification are provided. The use of the furnace is demonstrated by in situ WAXS for the carbonization of bituminous coal.

A temperature sensor based upon a single mode - multimode-single mode – multimode - single mode (SMSMS) fiber structure is experimentally demonstrated. The SMSMS structure is covered by ethanol-glycerol solution, and changing the ratio of ethanol to glycerol changes the temperature sensitivity. A theoretical calculation was developed to characterize the influence of the ethanol-glycerol content upon the sensor performance,. Multimode interference (MMI) occurs between single mode fibers (SMF) and multimode fibers (MMF), and temperature measurements were achieved by monitoring the movement of the interference profile in the transmission spectrum. The results show that covering the SMSMS structure with an ethanol-glycerol solution improves the temperature sensitivity of the sensor. The temperature sensitivity was is 0.700 nm/°C from 30 °C to 80 °C.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is a racemic mixture prescribed for Schistosomiasis disease treatment. However, only the enantiomer (R)-PZQ presents demonstrated efficiency against infirmity; the (S)-PZQ causes sickness and vomiting due to its bitter taste. The simulated moving bed chromatography system (SMB) is a well-established separation process applied in many branches of the chemical industry from drug purification stages to food processing systems. In order to implement and operate an SMB for the PZQ separation, allowing the production of medication with proven efficiency and without side effects, a LabVIEW supervisory system was developed. The automated software remotely controlled all equipment in the operational unit, such as automatic pumps, multi-position valves for flow rate alignments, and a chiral detector. Two experiments were conducted to characterize the system’s operational properties and efficiency. The first set of results demonstrated that the data acquisition programming retrieved information constantly, evidencing a direct correlation between the internal liquid pressure and the valve system position, with mean pressure values of approximately 50 bar. The second set of results demonstrated the SMB efficiency, with the raffinate stream producing (R)-PZQ of 100% purity.

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an important method for exploring oil and gas formations, mineral deposits, and groundwater resources. However, most ERT instruments have limitations such as complicated human–computer interaction, few measurement parameters, difficulties in remote monitoring, and lack of four-dimensional (4D) exploration functions. To overcome these limitations, in this study we proposed and developed software for a remote control 4D ERT system based on a cloud platform and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Specifically, acquisition device control, channel and control, acquisition control, and remote monitoring systems were designed, with various modules being debugged and optimized multiple times. The system is equipped with a 4G module, through which the collected data are transmitted to the cloud platform to realize real-time, stable, and long-distance data acquisition and transmission. Furthermore, the system realizes remote monitoring, real-time measurement, and other functions via the cloud and IoT technology, thereby providing strong technical support for achieving 4D exploration. The developed system was empirically evaluated by applying it to explore the Gequ Landslide area in Jainca County, Qinghai Province, China. The exploration results indicate that the system software has stable functions and high intelligence; thus it satisfies the requirements for field exploration.

Batch adsorption is very important for characterization, screening and industrial applications. In this paper, a new Y-shaped absorption vessel with an incorporated membrane was designed and combined with a fiber-optic sensing spectrometer to realize in-situ automatic measurement of liquid-phase kinetics in batch adsorption. The main parameters which affect the mass transfer such as geometric sizes of the vessel and pore size of membranes were investigated. Compared with the adsorption bag and the traditional adsorption modes, the adsorption rate of the Y-shaped absorption vessel was in the first 5 hours of the adsorption of rutin on the macroporous resin by the in-situ method. Additionally, the adsorption rate of the Y-shaped adsorption vessel was closer to that of traditional adsorption. When the adsorption reached equilibrium, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of two modes were practically equal. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately express the adsorption mechanism of rutin on the macroporous resin. The results show that the Y-shaped adsorption vessel improved the accuracy of the adsorption measurements and solve the problem of poor mass transfer caused by adsorption bag. This approach provides an in-situ, automatic and accurate method for batch processing and the screening of adsorbents.

This study employed Raman spectroscopy for the identification of spectral differences in automotive lubricant oils with different SAE specifications. Samples of 18 lubricant oils were obtained from a local auto parts store. Spectra were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm) and separated according to the type of base oil in the samples: mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic. Also, samples were separated according to the SAE specifications regarding the viscosity grade in low and high temperatures. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the lubricants with mineral base oils presented peaks referred to aromatic hydrocarbons and additives containing aromatics, sulfites/dissulphites and sulfonates, while semi-synthetic and synthetic base oils presented peaks referred to alkanes. Other peaks referred to alkanes and olefins were also seen in synthetic base oils. The discriminant analysis based on quadratic distance applied to the PCA variables was able to discriminate the lubricant samples according to the type of base oil with 89.7% accuracy and discriminate the SAE viscosity grade for low and high temperatures with 95.8% and 90.0% accuracy, respectively. The use of Raman spectroscopy makes possible nondestructive evaluation of lubricant oils, which may replace expensive and complex traditional tests and methods of quality control.