The most significant leadership theory, within the frame of contingency and situational approaches, is the path-goal theory. This theory is an extension of Vroom's expectancy theory and defines four styles of leadership: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. The theory was first defined in the '70s, and since then, numerous studies have been conducted on leaders and subordinates in different industries and countries. Research during the COVID-19 pandemic is underrepresented, especially in Croatia, and the authors identified a research gap. Primary quantitative research was conducted, and data were collected through the questionnaire developed by Northouse (A Path-Goal Theory Investigation of Superior Subordinate Relationships). The research sample encompassed 77 leaders of organizations in the private and public sectors in the Republic of Croatia, and the researchers analysed self-assessment results about leadership styles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analysed to obtain insight into the frequency of leadership styles, differences in leadership styles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of gender, level of education, and organization size on leadership style. The results indicate that self-assessment defines minor changes to leadership style preference before and during the pandemic. The results indicate a difference in leadership styles according to gender; women more frequently choose the supportive style of leadership. Furthermore, it emerges that the level of education and the organization size have an impact on other leadership styles in the frame of the path-goal theory.

Vulnerability means the degree to which a reference object can withstand external or internal threats. The reference object can have a human, material character. The article will address the societal vulnerability due to a power failure in the rail network, and a specific event will be described in the form of a case study. Each part of the railway network, whether it be a depot, a station, a terminal, or others, is largely dependent on the supply of the electricity network to its functional elements in the system. To assess vulnerability, it should be quantified using available methods. Adequate measures must be taken to reduce vulnerability and a comprehensive protection system must be developed. These measures may be of organizational, methodological, or operational origin, but may also be a part of the system, such as subject protection, spatial protection, shell protection, or perimeter protection.

The rapid development of space technology and the increased interest in space exploration have resulted in the intensive observation of celestial bodies, mostly in the solar system, over the past decade with the prospect of an upward trend in the future. Large amounts of collected data on space bodies impose the need to develop the Spatial Data Infrastructure of Celestial Bodies at the general level to enable standardized organization and storage of these data, and their efficient use and exchange. To approach the development of such an infrastructure, it is necessary to investigate what data, as well as how and to what extent, are collected through space observation. It is also necessary to investigate how this data can be obtained. This paper provides an overview of planetary spatial data archives, data storage and retrieval methods, and their shortcomings in the context of easy search, download and interpretation of data, all with the aim of establishing Spatial Data Infrastructure of Celestial Bodies that would make space data more accessible to the public and non-planetary scientists.

A number of technological application factors can be highlighted in smart city solutions, where small data and long-range transmission are of primary consideration. These include monitoring energy consumption, operating a smart waste management system, monitoring, and tracking traffic, having smart parking systems, monitoring public lighting, and even detecting various malfunctions. Such smart city systems use IoT technology for data collection. An essential aspect of urban solutions is to ensure the coverage of large areas, both outdoors and indoors, low energy consumption, as well as modularity and mobility. LPWAN technologies can meet these conditions. LPWAN technologies include LTE-M, NB-IoT, LoRaWAN, and Sigfox. Using LoRaWAN technology can be the right solution for these cases. As with any application, it is crucial to clarify the challenges of the application with LoRaWAN. The present study addresses the categorization of LoRaWAN devices and the challenges of technology in smart city solutions. LoRaWAN products used in smart city solutions can be grouped according to several aspects. This article deals with the creation of classifications that facilitate further testing. Smart city application challenge studies are applied to the specified categories. The challenges of the solutions cover several areas. These include technological aspects, aspects of specifications, and aspects of the nature of the application. Another area represents the information security aspects, which is, however, not addressed by this invention. Based on these aspects, the article describes the challenges of LoRaWAN technology in smart cities.

The safety of students represents a serious issue in smart cities. The present research aims to find a solution to how security cameras should be upgraded by expanded intelligence to greatly facilitate the administration in schools and to have a positive influence on safety issues. As security cameras have been developed for surveillance, the mentioned features should be further improved. The cameras installed in hallways and classrooms are possibly capable of face detection and recognition, as well as for headcount. It is recommended that these solutions be expanded by the possibility of registering attendance. If a camera can recognize a student, an attendance register may be composed, so it would be possible to determine who is attending classes regularly and who is not. The data received in this way could periodically be sent to teachers by the system. The composing of attendance registers is a privilege of access control systems; however, this is fairly inconvenient in educational institutions. Hypothetically, the surveillance camera system represents the most adequate choice for a passive, personal identification, as in this case, an active contribution is not necessary.

Chatbots are a recent technology that brands and companies adopt to provide 24/7 customer service. However, some customers have several concerns regarding technology, and therefore, prefer talking to humans rather than chatbots. Brands must improve their chatbots based on customer experience because customers satisfied with chatbots are more likely to use them to contact brands/companies. Therefore, this article investigated the effect of perceived ease of use, usefulness, enjoyment, and risk factors on customer experience and behavioral intention regarding chatbots. The study also looked into the impact of customer experience on behavioral intention. The sample consisted of 211 chatbot users of Turkish recruited using non-probability convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and SmartPLS3. The results showed that perceived ease of use and usefulness affected behavioral intention, but perceived risk had no impact on customer experience and behavioral intention regarding chatbots. Perceived enjoyment affected only customer experience. Lastly, customer experience affected behavioral intention.

Ever increasing challenges in the areas of risk management have led to a need for a risk management approach which deals not only with threat prevention but also adaption, absorption and recovery from adverse events. This has led to the rise of the concept of resilience analysis and management, which, unlike risk assessment and management focuses on the overall system under analysis rather than its individual components. Therefore, both the civilian and military sector have, over the past decade, emphasized the need to clarify the concept of resilience management as well as to differentiate it from related terms such as risk management. This article aims to build upon the existing literature and provide a comparison of the risk and resilience approaches which offer ways to analyse and manage these concepts.

Besides slow food, slow city, slow fashion, education, and marketing - slow tourism is one of the several different slow movements. Several trends justify the importance and the reasons for the existence of slow tourism: the aging society, the growing power of women in making travel decisions. Slow tourism was born as a possibility for those, who would like to live their life in a different way even during their travels: giving respect to the environment and to the people, too. In case of slow tourism culture, traditions, gastronomy is in the center. Sustainability is also a priority, meanwhile, the well-being and interests of the inhabitants of the destination are also taken into account. Instead of mass tourism products authentic, not standardized experiences are in the supply. The research aimed to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of respondents towards different slow tourism elements. The study is based on quantitative data from an online survey conducted with 386 Hungarian respondents in the framework of omnibus research. To reveal the perceptions and attitude of the respondents towards slow elements multidimensional scaling model and principal component methods were applied. Based on the results it can be concluded, that the local elements of a journey are important for the respondents, meanwhile, the personalized services, the spirituality of the destination, and the sustainable approach do not matter. Only a small proportion of respondents avoids crowded destinations, so traveling to hidden places is not a favorite holiday option for the majority of Hungarians. However, the coronavirus epidemics can strengthen the demand for this tourism product, since expectedly there will be more tourists, who want to avoid crowded places during their holiday. Service providers can also benefit from the results of the research, and concentrate on the elements that proved to be important for Hungarian travelers.

The article deals with the problems of business innovation and inventions in the EU countries with a focus on the potential effects of business R&D expenditure. Since the business is considered an essential sector concerning innovation, business R&D expenditure can play a significant role in their creation. However, several obstacles hinder the successful transformation of R&D expenditures into invention or innovation. R&D expenditures as any other type of business investments are associated with a certain risk. In this case, the risk of failure can be even higher due to their long-term nature and complexity. The article aims at an examination of the short-run and long-run relationship between business R&D expenditure, on one hand, an invention, and innovation on the other. To achieve this, the tests of Granger causalities and panel cointegrated regression has been applied on macro-level data. Furthermore, the structure of R&D expenditure in EU countries has been also examined. The results suggest a positive correlation between business R&D expenditure and innovation activities as well as the positive causal effect of business R&D expenditure on patenting in the long run.

The goal of the article is to identify whether the COVID-19 crisis has had an impact on the company's internal communication - both from leader's and organization member's perspective, that is, to compare the leaders' perceptions of their leadership and communication style on one hand, with the organization members' perceptions of the communication model they use with same-level colleagues and the descriptions of their leaders' philosophy on the other hand. 16th March 2020 is the turning point that marks the start of the pandemic - communication before and after this date was analyzed. Two questionnaires (one for leaders and one for organization members) designed by the authors of this case study were administered to these two targeted hierarchical levels in a privately-owned company in North Macedonia. The analysis showed what both groups stated - after the pandemic outbreak face to face meetings were replaced by virtual communication, shorter meetings became more common, leaders were involved by giving feedback, and they led by logos, with the most welcomed difference being in the leadership model: leaders maintained that their leading was by example in both periods, while organization members claimed that after the start of the crisis their leaders' priority was work-life balance.