The present study was implemented to look into the possibility of developing jam from the lowquality green olive pickle (GOP).Therefore, three types of olive jam were prepared from the whole GOP fruits with cinnamon (WCJ), whole GOP fruits with fig fruits (WFJ), slice GOP fruits with cinnamon (SCJ), slice GOP fruits with fig fruits (SFJ), minced GOP fruits with cinnamon (MCJ) and minced GOP fruits with fig fruits (MFJ).Three control jam samples were prepared from whole GOP fruits (CW), slice GOP fruits (CSJ) and minced GOP fruits (CMJ) without adding cinnamon or fig fruits.Sensory quality of the GOP jam samples was evaluated to assess the most accepted olive jam samples.Chemical composition, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, color, consistency, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined for the accepted olive jam samples.Sensory results revealed that the CSJ, SCJ, SFJ, CMJ, MC and MFJ exhibited accepted sensory attributes score and good chemical composition property.Likewise, titratable acidity and total soluble solids values were ranged from 0.57 to 0.7% and 65 to 70 brix, respectively, among all accepted GOP jam samples.Color of SGOP jam samples found to be darker than MGOP jam samples.MOGP jam samples exhibit higher consistency than SGOP jam samples.Moreover, it was noticed that adding cinnamon powder and fig fruits enhanced both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.Therefore, low-quality green olive pickle could be reused and developed into jam with a good characteristic.

Climate extremes are imperative to study the impacts of climate change that is significantly observed for the management of scarce water resources of the Quetta Valley. The daily data of temperature and precipitation are used to model the climate extreme indices for Quetta Meteorological Station from1961 to 2019. The statistical tests were performed by using Mann Kendal and Sen’s Slope method at the 95% confidence level. The overall change in minimum to maximum temperatures and precipitation-based climate extreme indices specify the frequencies of extreme events are increasing. That would cause heatwaves, gradual warming, steady dryness, and extreme precipitation events in the long term over the Quetta Valley. The minimum and maximum temperature-based indices inclusively indicate positive trends. That ultimately leads to a warming climate with a significant increase in summer as 5 days/decade, tropical nights as 5.3 days/decade, daily maximum as 0.28°C/decade, warm nights as 1.7 days/decade and warm days as 1.9 days/decade. For precipitation, all the indices show positive trends with a significant increase in consecutive wet days for 0.1 days/decade and an annual contribution of very wet days 0.8% per decade. The monthly increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation would increase the evaporative demands which may arise the water stress conditions over the valley and may put pressure over groundwater reservoirs.

Cryosphere-fed kuhl irrigation system forms a major lifeline for agriculture and livelihood development in the Himalayan region. The system is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts like glacier retreat, glacial lake outburst floods, snow avalanches and landslides especially in the upper Indus Basin (UIB). It is necessary to conduct reassessment of climate change impacts and find coping strategies for sustainable agriculture development in this mountainous region. In the present study, risks of glacier depletion , lakes outburst flood, snow avalanche and landslide hazards impacting cryosphere-fed kuhl irrigation system in 10 river basins of the UIB of Pakistan were analyzed using multi-hazard indexing approach. High risk of glacier depletion was observed in the Astore and Swat river basins likely because of the combined effect of reduced snow precipitation and rising warm temperatures in these basins. The risk of expansion in aggregate lake area was high in the Indus sub-basin, moderate in the five basins (i.e., Hunza, Shigar, Shyok, Shingo and Astore), while it was low in the four basins (i.e., Swat, Chitral, Gilgit and Jhelum). More than 2% areas of Hunza and Shigar basins in the Karakoram range exhibited high risk of snow avalanche and landslide (SAL) hazard, while moderate SAL hazard was found in >40% areas of Chitral, Gilgit, Hunza and Shigar river basins. An effective early warning mechanism and provision of adequate resources for preparedness are essential to cope with negative impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in this region in future.

The objectives of current investigation were to investigate the effect of various microbial treatments on the growth and productivity of potato, and nutrient uptake under different irrigation regimes and to study the influence of bacteria to alleviate the negative impact of water deficit irrigation. Therefore, the present study was conducted as a factorial experiment, which the main plot was assigned to various irrigation regimes (100% of crop evapotranspiration ETc, 80% ETc and 60% ETc) and sub-plots were assigned to microbial treatments (control = ck, Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum brasilense =AZ, Bacillus megaterium = BM, Bacillus circulans = BC and combined AZ+BM+BC = Mix). The main results revealed that the actual amount of water applied was varied according to irrigation regime level and potato growth stage. Increase of water deficit irrigation resulted in a significant decrease in plant height, yield and yield components, dry tubers yield, starch and protein yield, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, however, increased irrigation water use efficiency and economic productivity of irrigation water. Microbial inoculation enhanced all the above studied parameters under various irrigation regimes compared to non-inoculated treatment (control). For the interaction effect, with 20% water-saving a irrigation regime 80% ETc, combined microbial treatment the average reduction in both season for tuber weight per plant, marketable yield and tubers total yield were 7.56%, 7.75% and 7.56% compared to 100% ETc, respectively. However, compared to control at 100% ETc, Mix treatment increased the total yield in both seasons by 19.26%. Moreover, protein and starch yield, dry tubers yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake were higher when potato plants irrigated with 100% ETc and inoculated with combined microbial treatment.

The present study was conducted during 2017 and 2018 seasons to investigate the effect of air pollution on vegetative growth, fruit quality and mineral composition of seventeen years old Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis) budded on sour orange and growing in a private orchard located at El-Tarh, Behera governorate, Egypt . Four sites (250, 500, 750, 1000m) apart from Abou Keer Electricity company and a control site in Zahara Kafr ELdoar at a distance more than 35 km were selected . The data for air analysis indicated that control site gave the lowest NO2, O3, TSP (Total suspended particles), Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr whereas site one gave the highest values. Also, results showed that plants in control site gave significantly higher canopy, height and trunk increment, Leaf area, vitamin C, total soluble solid, acidity, juice Volume, reduced sugar, non reduced sugar ,total sugar, fruit diameter and fruit number, fruit and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, leaf total chlorophyll and protein content and the lowest heavy metals content (chromium, nickel, cadmium and lead) in leaf and fruit than other sites. As well as these parameters increased by increasing the distance from the pollutant source whereas heavy metals decreased. Fore thus, it can be recommended to avoid adhesive plantings less than 0-1000 m distances from the pollutant source due to heavy metals contamination in order in order to preserve both agriculture and environment.

The major aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentration levels of some heavy metals and their relationships between the bottom sediments, its overlaying (bottom) water and the surface water of the study area in Andoni local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria (Long.7° 20' 48.639''E and Lat.4 29 20.169N) using standard methods of analysis. The mean result showed variation patterns (P<0.05) of the metals in each of the medium as - surface water – Mg>N=Cu=Zn>Pb=Cd>V; bottom water – Mg>Cu>Ni=Zn>Pb=Cd>V and bottom sediments – Mg=Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu=Ni>V, while that of the media for each metal is Sediment >> Bottom water=Surface water. The sediments of the study area had more positive significant correlations among metal pairs than others indicating that metals were more bound to the sediments than in the water columns. V-Cd, V-Pb and V-Ni showed significant positive correlations in the water columns indicating that their input sources may likely be the same, which could have been from petroleum related activities. The level of contamination of the study area is relatively high when compared to related studies within and outside the region. It is therefore recommended that the activities of this make-shift refining of crude oil in the area should be stopped by the relevant regulatory agencies and also further studies on other media should be carried out.

The term “urban heat island” (UHI) describes increased surface and atmospheric temperatures in an urban core relative to surrounding non-urbanized areas. Although the phenomenon has been studied to a great extent throughout the world, it is less understood for Kathmandu, Nepal. This study used the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) 8-day product (MOD11A2) to evaluate land surface temperatures (LSTs), the MODIS-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 16-day product (MOD13Q1) to quantify land surface characteristics, and the MODIS annual land cover classification product (MCD12Q1) to identify major land cover classes. We evaluated the spatial correlation between significant changes in LSTs and NDVI between 2000–2018. Overall, urban (permanently developed areas) LSTs were consistently greater than non-urban (forests and dynamic agriculture lands) LSTs; however, the rate of increase in temperature was higher outside the central Kathmandu developed urban area. Furthermore, significant changes in NDVI values over time were more widespread and not always spatially coincident with significant changes in LST values, particularly for forested land areas. These results provide insight into systematic planning of open and green areas, construction of new infrastructure in peripheral areas, and highlight the challenges in applying traditional UHI conceptual models to rapidly developing urban areas such as Kathmandu, Nepal.

During anaerobic treatment of azo dyes containing wastewater, carcinogenic aromatic amines are often produced. Therefore, a plexiglass lab-scale continuous bio-reactor was built for anaerobic effluent of azo dye degradation contained aromatic amines. The system was operated at 351 o C temperature and pH was maintained between 7.6-7.9 for over 4 months with an effective volume of 5 liters and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 72, 48 and 24 h. The results of electrospray ionization (ESI) analysis showed that the main by-products of methanogenesis of C.I. acid red 88 were 2naphthylamine (2NA) and 4-Amino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid. Our results suggested that the 2NA cannot be used as the sole carbon and energy source because of its toxicity at substrate level concentrations and the ratio of MLVSS/MLSS was decreased from 0.7 to 0.3 with 3% of COD removal. On the other hand, during the recovery period, approximately 20 days acclimation with glucose (400 mg 1 -1 ) as co-substrate was required to obtain an enrichment culture able to degrade 2NA and other aromatic amines. The maximum 2NA mineralization reached 75.4% removal at HRT of 24h and the system is expected to have a better economic performance under HRT of 24h.

Soil organic carbon is the carbon associated with soil organic matter that is made up of decomposed plant and animal materials. This study was conducted in Dallo Mena district to estimate the amount of soil carbon stock stored in shade grown coffee (SC) and homegarden agroforestry practices (HG), and adjacent natural forest (NF) and annual crop field (CF) and to show the potential of agroforestry practices in soil organic carbon storage capacity. The study site was selected based on spatial analogue approach. From each land uses nine plots were selected by using systematic sampling method following the transect line. Soil organic carbon stock (100cm depth) were the highest for the NF(170.11 ± 14.59 Mg ha-1), followed by SC(127.96 ± 9.43 Mg ha-1), HG(107.62 ± 12.55 Mg ha-1) and CF(97.56 ± 6.85 Mg ha-1). Agroforestry and other land uses of Dallo Mena districts are providing various ecological as well as economical benefits for the community. It is used as income source, conserving different plant species diversity and at the same time storing large amounts of soil organic carbon. Therefore, there is significant difference among natural forest, shade grown coffee agroforestry practice, homegarden agroforestry practice and annual crop field in soil organic carbon storage capacity.International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-6, Issue-3, Jun-Aug 2017, page: 1-14