Purpose: This cross-jurisdictional review examines the divergence and convergence of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) governance in two jurisdictions, Liberia, West Africa, and the state of Florida, USA, with the aim of identifying governance design features that drive compliance gaps and transferable lessons for policy reform in lower-income country settings. Methodology: The review employs a systematic comparative literature review organised around the integrated solid waste management (ISWM) framework and supplemented by the Governance Analytical Framework (GAF) and New Institutional Economics theory. Evidence was drawn from peer-reviewed journal articles, World Bank and United Nations assessments, national and state regulatory documents, and grey literature from non-governmental organisations. Literature was identified through systematic searches of Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed, covering the period 2000 to 2025. Analysis was structured across five governance dimensions: legislative coherence, institutional capacity, compliance monitoring, enforcement, and public participation. Findings: Liberia's MSWM system is characterised by fragmented legislation, limited enforcement infrastructure, the absence of Polluter Pays and Extended Producer Responsibility mechanisms, and a persistent policy-to-practice gap between formal regulatory commitments and operational realities. Florida's system, anchored in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and administered through the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, demonstrates more coherent regulatory architecture and graduated compliance mechanisms. Florida's governance framework is significantly shaped by groundwater and aquifer protection imperatives, providing a sharp structural contrast to Liberia's documented pattern of disposal into swamplands, waterways, and vacant lots. Documented inequities in enforcement, Consent Order fatigue, and preemption laws limiting local environmental justice protections indicate that formal regulatory strength does not automatically produce equitable outcomes in mature systems either. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The review identifies five transferable governance principles for Liberia: legislative consolidation with implementing regulations, county-level institutional investment, graduated enforcement pathways, formal integration of community-based and informal sector actors into governance frameworks, and a leapfrog digital monitoring strategy suited to mobile infrastructure rather than replication of complex data systems. The review argues that the governance gap separating high- and lower-income country MSWM systems is, at its core, a governance design problem as much as a resource problem.

Introduction: The vital organ that is essential for fetal development is placenta, its integrity is essential for a healthy pregnancy. Among the various causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity & mortality, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) affects 5-10% of pregnancies worldwide. These disorders are associated with abnormal placentation, leading to reduced uteroplacental perfusion and subsequent fetal complications. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty placentas was collected from 30 normotensive and 30 hypertensive pregnant mothers of age 18-35 years at MGMCRI, Puducherry. Patients with gestational diabetes, chronic renal disorders, or fetal anomalies were excluded. Morphological features (shape, umbilical cord insertion), morphometric parameters (weight, thickness, diameter, number of cotyledons), and histopathological changes (infarcted villi, fibrinoid necrosis, syncytial knots, etc.) of the placenta was examined and statistically analysed. Results: A significant difference between the two groups was observed. Placentas from hypertensive mothers were more likely to be irregular in shape with eccentric or marginal umbilical cord insertions (p<0.001). Morphometrically, placentas from the hypertensive group had significantly lower weight (360±75g vs. 485±60g), diameter, thickness, and number of cotyledons compared to the normotensive group (p<0.001). Histopathological examination of placentas from hypertensive mothers showed a higher incidence of infarcted villi, fibrinoid necrosis, and syncytial knots. Conclusion: A significant association of maternal hypertension and morphology, morphometry, and histopathology of the placenta was determined. It includes reduced placental size and compromised vascular structure, reflecting impaired placental function, contributing adverse perinatal outcomes. Examination of the placenta is a valuable tool for understanding the pathophysiology of HDP and its consequences for the foetus.

Camel breeding holds significant importance in the steppe regions of Algeria, with Djelfa being a key area for the integration of agro-pastoral practices and socio-economic dynamics. This study explores how camel farming contributes to livelihoods and adapts to environmental and economic changes. To evaluate camel farming practices by focusing on herd composition, management systems, and socio-economic impacts, as well as to identify breeder typologies while addressing environmental adaptation strategies. A structured socio-professional questionnaire was administered to 38 farms located in the Djelfa region and its surroundings. Data analysis utilized Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) to establish farming typologies influenced by demographic and educational factors. The survey highlights the predominance of the Ouled-Nail breed, well-adapted to local conditions, accompanied by secondary breeds such as Aftouh and Chaambi. Herds, composed of 73% females, are primarily oriented towards milk production, which is essential for the local economy. Young camels, accounting for 41% of the herd, illustrate the sustainability and renewal of the stock. This study identifies three breeder typologies, influenced by age, habitat, and education level. Older breeders favor semi-intensive systems with fixed habitats, while younger ones adopt mobile extensive practices. Intermediate breeders, with more advanced education, implement intensive systems integrating modern techniques. Camel farming supports the economy and the well-being of local populations while ensuring the sustainability of steppe ecosystems.

This meta-analysis examines the phenomenon of green decoupling in global supply chains following 2020, synthesizing evidence from 47 empirical studies. We analyze how environmental regulations and geoeconomic tensions have jointly influenced supply chain reconfiguration across manufacturing sectors. Our systematic review reveals three primary patterns: (1) accelerated nearshoring in carbon-intensive industries under stringent environmental policies, (2) diversification strategies balancing cost efficiency with regulatory compliance, and (3) technology-driven optimization enabling simultaneous emissions reduction and supply chain resilience. Statistical analysis of 156 firm-level restructuring decisions demonstrates that environmental regulation stringency (β = 0.42, p < 0.001) and geopolitical risk exposure (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) independently predict supply chain reorganization. However, their interaction effect (β = 0.15, p < 0.05) suggests synergistic dynamics. Results indicate that green decoupling is most pronounced in automotive, electronics, and chemical sectors, with estimated emission reductions of 18-34% alongside supply chain regionalization. These findings contribute to understanding how firms navigate the dual pressures of sustainability imperatives and geopolitical fragmentation in post-pandemic global economy.

Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) offers strong potential as a source of flours and protein isolates, but its utilization requires a technically consistent debittering process that ensures sensory quality and safety. This article presents and evaluates an integrated protocol centered on four critical nodes: seed selection, hydration, cooking, and leaching. Selection homogenizes the lot and reduces variability; hydration defines imbibition kinetics and the point beyond which extending soaking ceases to be useful; cooking functions as a sanitary barrier and preconditions the matrix; and leaching, through scheduled water changes, completes alkaloid attenuation and stabilizes the system. The objective is to establish reproducible operating windows that link yield, microbiological safety, and technological suitability for direct consumption or further transformation. The analysis of results is prioritized over simple description: mass trajectories are tracked throughout the process, control indicators are monitored, and stages are compared, incorporating models that capture between-lot variability and multicriteria tools to guide plant decisions. The findings confirm consistent input lots, hydration that defines a clear operating point, cooking that acts as a critical control point and promotes diffusion, and leaching with scheduled changes that achieves debittering and stability without compromising the grain’s suitability as an ingredient. The proposed sequence establishes plant-transferable parameters that balance efficiency, safety, and functionality, consolidating a debittering protocol geared toward the industrialization of Andean lupin.

This study tries to understand the impact of inquiry-based learning (IBL) pedagogy as perceived by D.El.Ed. trainees (pre-service teachers), in-service school teachers, and teacher educators working under the Delhi Board of School Education (DBSE). In the wake of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the DBSE was introduced in 2021 to promote holistic, competency-driven, and discovery-oriented teaching. However, implementing IBL at the classroom level remains a complex challenge due to infrastructural gaps, teacher preparedness, and student learning readiness. This mixed-method study employed an exploratory sequential design involving focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and perception scales administered to 87 participants (55 D.El.Ed. trainees, 24 school teachers, and 8 teacher educators) from District-East, Delhi. Qualitative data revealed major concerns such as lack of digital and physical infrastructure, language barriers in pedagogical resources, inadequate readiness among students, and heavy teacher workload due to activity-based curricula. Quantitative findings highlighted a neutral overall perception of D.El.Ed. trainees (aggregate mean = 3.33), fairly positive perceptions of teacher educators (aggregate mean = 3.94), and fairly positive perceptions of school teachers (aggregate mean = 3.90). Importantly, trainees expressed a highly positive view of enhanced training strategies (mean = 4.07), while school teachers strongly agreed that IBL improves experimental process skills and critical thinking (mean = 4.4 for learning environment). The study concludes that bridging the gap between policy intent and classroom practice requires structural reforms, early teacher preparation, and adequate infrastructural investment. Recommendations include developing bilingual/multilingual learning resources, extending DBSE training workshops, integrating simulated teaching in D.El.Ed. curricula, and strengthening digital infrastructure in government schools. This research contributes to understanding how pre-service and in-service educators can collaboratively operationalize NEP 2020’s vision of child-centric, inquiry-driven classrooms.

This article presents the sustainable benefits enjoyed by the Member States of the Unions. By adopting a triangulation approach (documentary research, documentary analysis and non-participant observation) as well as direct interviews with individuals, the article identifies these sustainable benefits. These benefits include permanent bilateral or multilateral relations, constant circulation of people (e.g., interstate diplomacy, the circuit of doctors, surgeons, specialists, gynecologists, ophthalmologists, lawyers, etc., or civilians, traders, etc.), goods and services (such as medicines, health products, food, care in health institutions, commercial enterprises, etc.), as well as assured justice, peace, and stability (such as respect for equity, equality, and cohesion in all its forms among individuals, etc.). These points have not yet been studied as sustainable benefits by researchers, whereas, according to the study in this article, this is the case. This article highlights information that can help novices fully understand the lasting benefits of unions. It also helps policymakers take advantage of them by joining unions, regional, sub-regional, or international communities, as these are lasting benefits that last over time. This article also makes general recommendations and suggestions to promote sustainable development through justice, cultural exchange and collaboration, and community preservation through union among states. Because sustainable development is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

An effective and affordable technique of cleaning colored effluents was required due to the many detrimental impacts that dye-contaminated sewage has on the environment, human health, and other living things. Examples of agricultural waste that are produced in large quantities that are easily accessible and cheaply priced include sawdust, sugar cane bagasse, wheat husk, and coconut shells. Due to their abundance of functional groups with binding capabilities dye molecules, these lignocellulosic waste are effective and durable absorbents for wastewater treatment. This study uses a fixed-bed column filled with copper nanoparticles to look into the elimination of crystal violet and methylene blue from wastewater. The process variables being examined consist of input dye concentrations ranging from 200 to 600 mg/L, flow rates from 5 to 20 mL/min, and bed depths from 2 to 9 cm. FTIR detected Cu-O stretching vibrations and stabilizing chemicals, whereas BET analysis revealed a 10–100 m²/g mesoporous surface. FESEM showed 10-100 nm spherical to quasi-spherical CuNPs. FTIR and FESEM confirmed dye binding. Fixed-bed column studies at pH 7-9, 4-6 cm bed depth, and moderate temperatures of 25-35 °C revealed good adsorption. Adsorption occurred spontaneously and endothermically in spite of pseudo-second-order kinetics.

The research presents a review of low-cost PFAS remediation technologies such as granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange (IX) systems, in water communities in rural and small populations and the opportunities of the new EPA rule on PFAS in 2024. A second qualitative literature review of reputable sources underlines the efficiency of GAC and IX removal systems of long- and short-chain PFAS, where IX is found to possess greater adsorption capacity and longer working time, but uncertainties still exist with variable natural waters. Available literature emphasises the importance of long empty bed contact times (EBCT) on GAC to short-chain PFAS, and it singles out the cost and operating issues of the two technologies. The potential solutions are also discussed: hybrid treatment systems and new adsorbents. The major gaps are the lack of information about mixtures of PFAS, in particular at GenX compounds, and the feasibility of rural water supplies characterised by varied water quality and varied infrastructure. The study highlights the presence of customised flexible methods of remediation businesses to address the demands of strict enactments and enhance the availability of PFAS treatment in underserved fields. GAC and IX applications showed standardised>90% PFAS removal in rural pilot tests. The cost of treatment per gallon of treated water varied between 0.004-0.02 $/gal for IX and 0.006-0.03 $/gal GAC, based on EBCT and concentration of influent.

The world is increasingly experiencing the negative impacts of economic development on the environment. Protecting the environment is seen as a shared responsibility of society as a whole. For enterprises, environmental protection is related to their competitiveness and long-term success. Therefore, businesses must incorporate environmental protection goals into their management activities, including human resource management. Green human resource management encompasses human resources practices designed to achieve environmental protection goals. This paper explores the factors influencing green human resource management in Vietnamese private economic groups. The paper uses quantitative methods, including reliability analysis with Cronbach’s Alpha, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis. The survey sample includes 1,378 employees from 10 major Vietnamese private economic groups. The research findings revealed that green recruitment and selection, green training, green performance management, green pay and rewardss, and green involvement have made a positive contribution toward achieving environmental benchmarks in human resource management.