Let G be a finite, simple, undirected and connected graph with vertex set V(G). For an ordered subset = { , , } of vertices and a vertex 'v' in G, the representation of 'v' with respect to W is the ordered k-tuple (|W) = ((, ), (, ), , (, )), where d(x,y) is the distance between the vertices 'x' and 'y'. The set W is a resolving set (or locating set) for G if every two vertices of G have distinct representations . The metric dimension of G (dim(G)) is the minimum cardinality of a resolving set for G. The resolving set containing minimum number of vertices is called a basis (or reference set) for G. In this paper, we introduce a new resolving parameter, average resolving number ( ()) of G and a new graph, namely resolving excellent graph, both depends on minimum cardinality of the resolving set of the graph containing each element of () . The average resolving number of some standard graphs, product graphs, -bismuth chain and -lead chloride chain are found and we investigate the resolving excellent graphs. We find the upper Bounds of average resolving number in terms of order() and diameter() of the connected graph . The need for this new resolving parameter ( ()) is explained using the isomers of alkanes, which are chemical compounds having same molecular formula but different chemical structures.

Wireless communication technology is used by almost everyone now a day, so a large number of users can be handled by the wireless communication system where Multiple Input & Multiple Output (MIMO)technology is used.The main problems of MIMO are interference due to a large number of users and path loss due to traverse of information or signal through the medium.The solutions of abovementioned problems are discussed here.The path loss is calculated at the receiver by standard model and the inverse of those attenuations are calculated and path losses are eliminated at the receiver by Adaptive Antenna Technology (AAT).The attenuation is also reduced by optimize slope method (OSM) where attenuation is eliminated by maintaining a frequency to distance ratio by varying the frequency.By using standard CDMA technology, the problem of interference is also addressed.

Although software-defined networks have seen a sharp increase in their deployment around the world, with big tech companies including Microsoft and Google, to name a few, tapping into the enormous potential that these networks offer, there are still various security loopholes that need to be plugged. One such security-related issues is that of a rogue controller bringing down an entire network. As we shall see in this paper, this problem is still short of any definitive solutions, especially when it comes to distributed software-defined networks. We attempt to resolve this issue by developing a centrally managed trust and reputation scheme. By proactively comparing the policies/flow rules that need to be installed in the switches with those that are actually installed, our scheme singles out a malicious controller. We have evaluated the scheme for scalability, message overhead, and for bad-mouthing attacks. Our results suggest that using trust and reputation system can greatly enhance the network security in this scenario as demonstrated by rigorous evaluations in Emulab network emulation testbed.

5G networks will adopt an Ultra Dense Network architecture that can support higher speed and provide lower latency. In some hotspots, small base stations need to be deployed on a large scale in order to meet the demands of massive data communications. In this ultra-dense network environment, traditional mobility management algorithms have been unable to adapt to the future development of the network. How to address the problem of mobility management in the ultra-dense network environment has become a huge challenge for the future development of the network. This paper proposes a mobility management scheme based on precise point positioning. Using precise point positioning technology to get the user's precise location and current speed, thereby predicting the user's location at the next moment, and making handover decisions based on this result. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the traditional scheme. The scheme significantly reduces the Ping-Pong effect and the average switching delay.

We examine a new method for cross-layer design of adaptive modulation and coding at the physical layer and an automatic repeat request protocol at the data link layer, in order to maximize spectral efficiency under prescribed error performance constraint. The new proposed method depends on the mutual information concepts at the design stage of the system. The design relies on the mutual information statistics, and then statistical study of the mutual information has done in order to demonstrate its random nature of the mutual information. The system is simulated over Nakagami-m block fading channel. Numerical results reveal an enhancement in throughput and error performance with the new design over the traditional design. In addition, more margin in error probabilities could be sacrificed to optimize the throughput in order to reach the maximum achievable throughput in the communication channel.

Technological development in digital world has led to a huge increase in the popularity of digital images in all domains of life.However, sophisticated and easy to use photo editing software tools have made manipulation of images very easy.Thus there is a need to authenticate images especially in legal matters.The field of image authentication and forgery detection has gained huge popularity lately.A key domain in this regard is copy-move forgery detection.Copy move forgery involves copying a portion of an image and pasting it to a different location in same image, with a purpose to conceal facts.In this paper we attempt to review recent developments in the field of copy move detection.This paper dwells on the detection of copy move forgery based on block based and key point methods, and give a detailed comparison of the state of art techniques.

Flood disaster is one of the most frequent natural disasters that occur all around the world. For flood prone areas or countries, flood management is an essential part of their governance. In recent years, there has been an increasing use of Information Technology (IT) to facilitate in flood management. For example, the use of sensors to measure hydrological data such as water level and then transmitting that data over the network has become a common practice in many parts of the world. The same goes with the measurement and transmission of geological and meteorological data related to flood. When combined together, this infrastructure forms an Internet of Things (IoT). This paper provides a review on the research works that utilize IoT for flood data management. The paper then proposed an IoT architecture for flood data management that can serve as the basis for the implementation of IoT infrastructure that collect, transmit and manage flood related data.

In this paper, we investigate the DWDM system using Add/drop multiplexers with splitters and couplers for increasing the capacity of system. In this DWDM system 2 channel at transmitter section each having data rate 10Gbps (i.e. 20Gbps) are transformed into 64 channel at receiver section each having data rate 10Gbps (i.e.640Gbps) by using Add/drop multiplexer which drops the optical signals of some frequency which are split up by different splitters and those signals are coupled by the various couplers for enhancing the capacity of system. The couplers coupled the signals coming from de-multiplexers and splitters and passed the signals into different receivers. The performance of system is defined on the basis of BER, eye height and quality factor. The system generates good and viable result and performed better up to 420 km optical fiber link length.

In the case of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which is a typical IP mobility protocol, the host provides the mobility. However, it is considered to be ineffective caused by the increased load causing signaling processing problems. To solve these problems, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol. PMIPv6 is advantageous in that the mobile terminal does not participate in the signaling procedure related to IP mobility in order to reduce the consumption of radio resources. But in the corresponding mechanism, the multimedia streaming service supported by the PMIPv6 network is always transmitted through the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) which causes the increase of traffic due to tunnelling and the unnecessary route due to the expansion of the dual tunnel.