This research explores the journey of individuals relocating from their native lands in search of dignity, security, and a brighter future. It highlights the long-standing tradition of migration from India, tracing back to ancient trade routes and evolving through various eras, including the impact of industrialization in Europe. The rich history of Punjab's international migration is also touched upon, showcasing the region's unique contributions to this global phenomenon. This paper highlights how events like political problems in countries such as China and Uganda, as well as the demand for workers in wealthy Arab nations, have influenced migration patterns. It pays special attention to Punjab, where many young people are leaving to find better education and job prospects abroad. By analysing different available data, this paper aims to explain the history of migration from India to western country and it also focus on the contemporary status of abroad migration specially from Punjab.

The Farazi Movement was one of the most significant religious, socio-economic and agrarian movements in 19th century Bengal. The movement, led by Shariatullah and his son, Dudu Miyan, sought to purify Islamic practices by emphasizing the strict adherence of the ‘Farz’ or ‘Fard’ (obligatory religious duties) and later resists the socio-economic oppression experienced Bengal under Colonial rule. The Farazi Movement mobilized thousands of poor and peasants in eastern Bengal against the ruthless zamindars, nilkars (indigo planters) and British authorities. Through religious mobilization, organizational networks, and agrarian protest, the Farazi Movement became a significant early expression of anti-colonial colonial consciousness in Bengal. This article examines the origin, ideology, leadership, socio-economic context, and historical importance of the Farazi Movement, arguing that the movement represented both a religious revival and a form of peasant resistance against colonial oppression and exploitation.

This article discusses the spread and development of Christianity in Sasanian Ādurbādagān and Arrān (Caucasian Albania). The author argues that it is essential to consider the Christianization of Albania beyond the Caucasian horizon and to look at it as part of the broader process of Christianity’s dissemination in Persia and the adjoining Caucasus, following the establishment of the Church of the East (Church of Persia) and the Caucasian Albanian Church, in particular. Considering the Sasanian period as a milestone in the strengthening and institutionalization of Christianity throughout the whole empire, the author examines the doctrinal developments and Christological differences between the Churches of Albania and Persia. The author highlights that the Church of Persia was the official church of the Sasanian Empire and had a diocese in Ērānšahr’s Ādurbādagān, neighboring Albania, just across the Aras River. Notwithstanding that Albania was historically close to Persia, particularly to Ādurbādagān, forming with it the kust-ī Ādurbādagān under the Sasanians, and that the Church of Persia influenced Albania, establishing a significant so-called Nestorian community, Albania nevertheless had its own Albanian Autocephalic Church. Highlighting the Albanians’ self-interested loyalty to the Sasanians, as well as the close administrative, military, and later dynastic ties between the Sasanian Ādurbādagān and Albania, this article analyzes the development of Christianity in both regions, following the establishment of the different Churches that had diverse relationships with the dyophysite Byzantine Church. The author discusses the baptism of the Albanian king and “his people” into the Chalcedonian faith by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, as he was carrying out a “Holy War” against the Sasanians to redeem the True Cross.

In the context of medieval Chola inscriptions, the abstract covers the "Nagarathars," a business community also known as "Nattukottai Chettiars."The Nagarathars family was renowned for their involvement in banking, lending, and business.They founded a business association and a renowned business community by being actively involved in Tamil social and religious events.The inscriptions also mention their contribution to many temples, as well as their involvement in land transactions.The inscriptions provide a glimpse into the humanitarian activities of the Nagarathars, which include donations, temple renovations, and land grants.The dedication of the Nagarathars towards religious establishments is reflected by the inscription of their contributions to many temples.To provide a historical context, the study also refers to references of merchants and merchant guilds in medieval Tamil Nadu.The inscriptions from the important archaeological site of "Narthamalai" reflect the involvement of the Nagarathars.They played a major role in the economics and religious establishments of the area, both of which were crucial for the socioeconomic growth of the area.

Narendrapur village in Bhadrak district, Odisha, represents a significant yet understudied node in the sacred and archaeological landscape of eastern India. While Odisha is renowned for monumental temple centres such as Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Konark, Narendrapur exemplifies the importance of rural religious sites in sustaining regional traditions. The village preserves a dense concentration of Śiva liṅgas, laterite shrines, sculptural fragments, and a displaced inscribed lintel datable to the 10th century CE. Stylistic and palaeographic evidence situates the early phase of the site within the Bhauma-Kara and Somavaṃśī periods, while later additions reflect Gaṅga-Gajapati and zamindari patronage. The epigraphic reference to Śrī-Yameśvara-bhaṭṭārakāyaḥ and Kapila indicates links with organized Pāśupata-Śaiva ascetic networks, connecting Narendrapur to wider transregional religious currents. Iconographic remains, including Gaṇeśa, Varāhī, and Saptamātṛkā images, demonstrate a Śākta-Śaiva synthesis and possible tantric affiliations. Oral traditions further highlight maritime associations through the nearby Dhamra port and the cult of Pattana Maṅgalā, suggesting integration into Odisha’s Indian Ocean trade networks. By combining archaeological survey, art-historical analysis, epigraphy, and ethnographic insights, this study foregrounds Narendrapur as a microcosm of Odishan religious pluralism, where ecology, polity, ritual practice, and community memory intersect across centuries.

This paper examines the divine writings of Zoroastrianism in between 1500 and 2000 BC, where the main source of Zoroastrian beliefs is the so-called Gathas. The research will examine the theological and philosophical aspects of these works, how they were influenced by the cultural, social, and political life in which they were created. As a research method, the study has adopted a comparative textual analytical approach, where the textual sample is comprised of 32 passages of the Gathas, 12 related cultural and historical sources, and 8 of the translated or recorded versions of Avesta, which make up 52 units of analysis. The findings showed that the Zoroastrian sacred books were not just the ritualistic mantras, but a rational moral dialogue of its era, that was founded on free will, the decision of good and the challenge of evil, which signified the rise of the sophisticated rational religious awareness. It was also found that such texts were a deliberate reflection of the changes in the ancient society which Zoroaster used to present a wholesome reform agenda. Some of the key suggestions of the research include: the need to expand comparative research on the Gathas and other religious texts, the need to reconsider contemporary Zoroastrian translations in a rigorously linguistic and critical manner, the creation of a consolidated scientific electronic archive of these texts, and the promotion of specialized Arab scholarly initiatives into Zoroastrian thought, and the inclusion of Zorastrian moral values in religious comparative studies courses.

भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम केवल भारत की भौगोलिक सीमाओं तक सीमित नहीं था, बल्कि यह एक वैश्विक आंदोलन था जिसमें प्रवासी भारतीय समुदायों ने निर्णायक भूमिका निभाई। दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया, विशेषतः मलाया, सिंगापुर, बर्मा (म्यांमार), थाईलैंड और इंडोनेशिया में बसे प्रवासी भारतीयों ने राजनीतिक, आर्थिक और सैन्य स्तर पर संगठित होकर ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक शासन को चुनौती दी। इस व्यापक संघर्ष में प्रवासी भारतीय महिलाओं का योगदान भी अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण रहा, जो लंबे समय तक इतिहास-लेखन में अपेक्षाकृत उपेक्षित ही रहा है। यह शोध-पत्र दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया के संदर्भ में प्रवासी भारतीय महिलाओं की राजनीतिक चेतना, संगठनात्मक क्षमता, सामाजिक कार्यों तथा सशस्त्र संघर्ष में उनकी सहभागिता का विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना (प्छ।) की पहली संगठित महिला सैन्य इकाई थी, जिसने प्रवासी भारतीय महिलाओं को प्रत्यक्ष सैन्य प्रशिक्षण और युद्ध-संबंधी दायित्वों में शामिल किया। 1943 में नेताजी सुभाष चंद्र बोस के नेतृत्व में गठित इस रेजिमेंट ने औपनिवेशिक भारत में लैंगिक भूमिकाओं की रूढ़ियों को चुनौती दी और स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को जन-आधारित, समावेशी स्वरूप प्रदान किया। यह शोध-पत्र रेजिमेंट के गठन, संगठन, प्रशिक्षण, योगदान और ऐतिहासिक महत्व का विश्लेषण करता है।

Narthamalai, located in the Pudukkottai region of Tamil Nadu, occupies an important place in the commercial and institutional history of early medieval South India. Epigraphical evidence reveals that this hilly complex functioned as a significant mercantile centre closely associated with the Nagaraththar community from the early Chola period onwards. The present study examines the emergence of Narthamalai as a nagaram a merchant settlement with administrative authority and traces the role of Nagaraththars in shaping its economic, religious, and social landscape. Drawing primarily on inscriptions ranging from the Pallava to the later Pandya periods, the paper analyses merchant guild activity, land transactions, temple endowments, and charitable practices undertaken by Nagaraththars and allied trading groups such as the Ainurruvar and Manigramam. The study also highlights changes in place names, the organisation of merchant guilds, and the systematic management of temple economies under the supervision of the nagaram. By situating Narthamalai within wider interregional trade networks linking Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, this paper contributes to a clearer understanding of mercantile institutions, urban formations, and community-led administration in the early medieval Tamil region.