The liver plays a vital role in metabolism, detoxification, and overall physiological homeostasis, making it susceptible to damage from both synthetic and natural compounds. Aloe vera, a commonly used medicinal plant, has gained attention for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. This study aimed to assess the histological effects of orally administered Aloe vera gel on the liver of albino rats. Fifty (50) adult male and female albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (A–E) of ten rats each. Group A served as the control and received distilled water, while Groups B to E were administered Aloe vera gel orally at doses of 1.4 ml, 2.8 ml, 8.4 ml, and 13.9 ml for 14 days. Rats were weighed before and after treatment, and liver tissues were harvested for histological examination using standard hematoxylin and eosin staining protocols. Body weight data were analyzed using ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. All groups exhibited statistically significant (p = 0.01) increases in body weight post-treatment. Histologically, the control and low-dose groups (1.4 ml and 2.8 ml) showed normal liver architecture with preserved hepatic sinusoids and Kupffer cells. However, higher doses (8.4 ml and 13.9 ml) resulted in dose-dependent histopathological changes, including swollen hepatocytes, vascular congestion, central vein shrinkage, and hepatic necrosis. These findings indicate a potential hepatotoxic effect at elevated doses of Aloe vera gel. Caution is therefore advised in the therapeutic use of Aloe vera, especially at high concentrations or with prolonged exposure

Crop yield variability is a vital issue for farmers, policymakers, and researchers. This study investigate the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to design and predict crop yield variability. We exploit a dataset containing historical climate, soil, and management factors to train and evaluate several ML models, including random forest, support vector machines, and neural networks. Our results show that ML models can effectively capture complex relationships between input features and crop yield, outperforming traditional linear regression models. The best-performing model, a random forest regressor, achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 10.2% and R-squared value of 0.85. We identify key factors influencing crop yield variability, including temperature, precipitation, and soil organic carbon content. Our findings demonstrate the potential of ML for improving crop yield prediction and informing decision-making in precision agriculture

The café coffee industry in Greater Malang is growing rapidly, creating intense competition among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This condition requires café owners to strengthen marketing strategies, improve service quality, and develop continuous business innovations to maintain their competitive position. This study aims to analyze the influence of the marketing mix (7P), service quality, and business innovation on business performance, with market advantage as a mediating variable. A quantitative explanatory research design will be employed, using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS Version 4. The sample consists of 205 café owners selected through proportional random sampling from a population of 422 cafés across Malang City, Malang Regency, and Batu City. Data will be collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire adapted from validated prior studies. This research is expected to contribute theoretically by developing an integrated model of marketing strategy, innovation, and performance in MSME cafés, and practically by providing insights for café owners to enhance their competitiveness in a dynamic market environment

The proliferation of electronic information resources (EIRs) — encompassing e-journals, databases, e-books, and institutional repositories — has ostensibly transformed the scholarly landscape in higher education. This systematic review synthesizes existing empirical evidence to critically examine the relationship between EIR access, utilization, and research productivity within Nigerian universities. This review analyzes peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, retrieved from databases including Google Scholar, ERIC, and Semantic Scholar. The synthesis indicates that accessibility and perceived usefulness of EIRs significantly influence their adoption among Nigerian academics, which in turn can correlate with higher reported research output, such as publications and grant acquisitions. However, the evidence is frequently tempered by significant moderating variables. Persistent infrastructural deficits — unreliable power supply, limited bandwidth, and inadequate ICT facilities — severely constrain optimal utilization. Critically, several studies point to a paradox where high awareness and satisfaction with EIRs do not automatically translate into commensurate gains in productivity, suggesting that mere access is insufficient. This review argues for a shift in scholarly and policy discourse from a deterministic "access-leads-to-output" model to a more holistic framework that integrates critical digital pedagogy, sustainable infrastructure investment, and the development of context-sensitive institutional repositories. By situating Nigerian empirical findings within broader theoretical conversations on the digital divide and scholarly communication, this analysis contributes to a more grounded understanding of how EIRs can genuinely catalyze research excellence in resource-constrained environments

This paper critically examines the evolution of Boko Haram’s abduction-for-ransom strategy as both an economic enterprise and a political instrument within Nigeria’s protracted insurgency. Since its emergence in the early 2000s, Boko Haram has transitioned from a religious reformist movement into a violent, economically driven insurgency. Faced with declining external funding and intensified military pressure, the group adopted kidnapping for ransom as a central pillar of its financing structure. Through the frameworks of insurgent financing theory and hostage economics, this study explores how Boko Haram transformed abduction into a lucrative market activity, commodifying hostages to generate income, negotiate political concessions, and exert psychological control. Empirical evidence from 2000 to 2025 reveals three key phases in the group’s kidnapping evolution: an early phase marked by opportunistic abductions, an institutionalization phase (2011–2015) characterized by large-scale operations such as the Chibok schoolgirls’ abduction, and a subsequent phase of decentralization and diversification following territorial losses. The paper argues that Boko Haram’s success in sustaining its abduction economy is deeply rooted in Nigeria’s governance failures, structural poverty, and the absence of regulatory oversight in conflict-affected regions. Kidnapping for ransom has not only financed the insurgency but also entrenched a shadow economy of extortion, criminal collaboration, and informal justice systems. The study concludes that dismantling Boko Haram’s financial networks requires multidimensional policy interventions focused on financial disruption, governance reform, socioeconomic investment, and regional security cooperation. By linking the economics of abduction to the broader dynamics of state fragility and insurgent adaptation, the paper provides a nuanced understanding of how economic logic underpins modern terrorism in Africa

Nigeria faces persistent youth unemployment, a widening skills gap, and limited industrial absorption, underscoring the need for innovative approaches to workforce development. Vocational education offers practical, industry-relevant skills, while entrepreneurship fosters self-reliance and job creation. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into vocational education presents transformative opportunities for skill acquisition, personalized learning, and simulation of real-world scenarios. AI-driven tools enhance entrepreneurial training through market analytics, business modeling, and virtual simulations, enabling data-informed decision-making and reducing the risks of enterprise creation. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited educator capacity, digital divides, and slow policy adaptation hinder the effective adoption of AI in vocational training. By fostering synergy between vocational education, AI, and entrepreneurship, Nigeria can cultivate a technologically competent, innovation-driven workforce capable of thriving in the digital economy. Strategic interventions such as increased investment in AI-enabled training infrastructure, capacity building for educators, and stronger public-private partnerships are essential to bridging the skills gap. Leveraging vocational education and AI for entrepreneurship development can reduce unemployment, stimulate inclusive economic growth, and position Nigeria competitively in the global knowledge economy

This research was conducted at Putra II Kindergarten in Serang City during the Preschool Field Introduction (PLP) activity which took place from September 24, 2024 to November 8, 2024. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, which aims to describe the implementation of positive culture at TK Putra II Kota Serang and its impact on children’s habits. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. Observation was used to observe daily activities at school, while interviews were conducted with teachers to understand the process of implementing a positive culture. The results of the study showed that a positive culture at TK Putra II Kota Serang includes habits such as giving and returning greetings, patiently waiting for one’s turn, listening to others speak, speaking and behaving politely, caring for others, and maintaining a clean environment. These habits are consistently applied through the active role of teachers as role models, which is the key to the success of implementing these positive values. Positive in this school has a significant impact on the formation of children’s character, creating a conducive learning atmosphere, and encouraging the development of values such as empathy, responsibility, and cooperation. Challenges remain in maintaining the consistency of positive culture by all students, but teachers’ efforts in guiding and providing real examples help overcome these obstacles. This study is expected to be a reference in the strategy for developing positive cultural habits in early childhood education institutions to support the formation of strong characters

Chemistry education plays a crucial role in developing students' scientific literacy and critical thinking skills, yet many students struggle to connect abstract chemical concepts to their daily lives. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of local wisdom-based learning strategies in enhancing students’ understanding of chemistry concepts while simultaneously fostering cultural appreciation. The research method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), following the PRISMA framework, to analyze and synthesize findings from 125 journal articles obtained from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and IEEE Xplore. After a rigorous selection process, 20 high-quality journal articles were identified as the primary references. The findings of this research indicate that integrating local wisdom into chemistry learning significantly enhances students' conceptual understanding, engagement, and appreciation for science. Studies show that students who learn chemistry through culturally relevant examples demonstrate higher motivation, improved retention rates, and better problem-solving skills compared to those who receive conventional instruction. Additionally, local wisdom-based learning promotes sustainability and environmental awareness, as many traditional practices align with eco-friendly and resource-efficient principles

Curriculum can be referred to as the learning experiences which the school has organized for the individuals it has the responsibility. In a religiously pluralistic society like Nigeria, religious education has been recognized as an important tool for promoting religious tolerance, understanding, and respect. The curriculum for religious education is intended to cater for the following needs in the life of learners who are educated in a secular society: attention to the religious aspect of the culture, the religious-moral-emotional development, the structural-imprinted-evolutionary dialect, and religious life.The methods of the research were based on the critical potential of philosophy, existential, axiological, logical cultural, historical, comparative, normative and constructive in religion, culture, and education. Religious education is a programs to orient humans towards their own plane of upliftment, noble character, inner strength, and physical well-being