Precision medicine is increasingly applied in stomatology by enabling personalized diagnosis and treatment tailored to individual patient needs, and fulfilling this promise involves a convergence of medicine and engineering. Laser is a coherent light that functions as a diagnostic tool and provides tailored energy that can be precisely modulated spatially and temporally for direct treatment of diseases and for the production of delicate dental devices. However, reproducible outcomes depend not only on clinical technique but also on system-level factors central to optomechatronics how energy is delivered, sensed, and regulated in the presence of intraoral variability. Stomatology’s complexity and requirement for customized treatment make laser applications attractive across domains such as photobiomodulation, caries removal, and fabrication of dental implants and invisible braces, where accuracy, efficiency, and minimally invasive workflows are often reported. This review synthesizes laser success in oral medicine from both tissue removal and reconstruction perspectives, mapping common modalities to delivery architectures, controllable parameters including spot size, fluence or irradiance, pulse structure, repetition rate, scan speed, and dwell time, and candidate feedback signals. In addition, we highlight the intertwinement of lasers and digitalization, including artificial intelligence–enabled planning, robotic or digitally guided laser treatments, and three-dimensional laser printing of customized devices, with emphasis on integration challenges such as dosimetry reporting consistency, feedback reliability, motion compensation, latency, and safety interlocks.

Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensors have the disadvantage of high limit of detection (LOD), and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has a significant impact on LOD. This paper proposes the application of matched filtering to NDIR gas sensors, a weak signal detection method that maximizes the SNR, improving the LOD. Experimental results show that matched filtering outperforms traditional methods, achieving an LOD of 1.131 ppm, while the LOD based on lock-in amplification is 7.350 ppm. The full-scale relative error and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the sensor in detecting different gas concentrations were optimized and improved. This approach provides a significant algorithmic improvement in the detection accuracy of NDIR gas sensors, offering potential for the detection of gases with less prominent absorption peaks, such as hydrogen.

This study introduces a dual-band circular split-ring resonator (CSRR)-based metamaterial absorber (MTMA) designed for high-sensitivity sensing of both solid and liquid materials. The proposed structure, fabricated on a Rogers RT 5880 substrate with copper layers, achieves near-perfect absorption rates of 99.99% at 10.48 GHz (X-band) and 99.97% at 14.57 GHz (Ku-band), optimized through CST Microwave Studio simulations. The MTMA’s triple-stage design refinement enhances resonance characteristics, enabling precise detection of dielectric variations in substrates and liquids via measurable frequency shifts. Experimental validation confirms robust performance, with sensitivity of up to 2.51 GHz/εᵣ and quality factors reaching 189, thus outperforming existing single-band metamaterial sensors. The absorber’s compact size and consistent response under varying permittivity’s make it suitable for applications in biomedical diagnostics, fuel adulteration detection, and industrial quality control. By bridging gaps between simulation and real-world implementation, this work advances metamaterial-based sensing technology, offering a scalable and efficient solution for electromagnetic wave manipulation in next-generation sensor systems.

To address the issue of line-of-sight (LOS) thermal drift in a high-pointing-accuracy catadioptric star camera, rarely studied, optical, structural, and finite element models (FEM) were developed. The correlation between rigid-body displacement and LOS error was analyzed, and a linear optical model was constructed to identify the primary mirror as the critical optical component. Topological and parametric optimizations integrating LOS stability were performed on it. Through simulations under different temperature conditions, it was found that the uniform temperature rise had the most significant impact on LOS error. Under this condition, the simulated LOS errors for the catadioptric and reflective systems were 0.002438 ″/°C and 0.002735 ″/°C. The thermal test validated the reliability of simulation results, with experimental LOS errors of 0.002587 ″/°C and 0.002883 ″/°C, showing approximately 5% relative errors. The findings of this study provide engineering references for the structural optimization and thermal control design of space optical cameras.

We present a compact multimodal endomicroscope that enables simultaneous fluorescence (FL) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. While current endoscopy techniques are effective for wide-area and rapid inspection, there is a growing demand for real-time precise diagnostics, including detailed tissue morphology and tumor invasion depth. Histological analysis through biopsy remains the diagnostic standard but involves a time-consuming process that can delay treatment decisions. Our approach integrates two complementary imaging modalities—FL for visualizing tissue morphology and OCT for cross-sectional imaging—within a single probe compatible with standard gastrointestinal endoscopic channels. The system employs a Lissajous scanning mechanism to achieve forward-viewing, uniform illumination, and high-speed imaging. A compact imaging probe is fabricated by assembling a composite fiber, piezoelectric tube actuator, and asymmetrically attached polymer stiffener in parallel, enabling combined fluorescence and optical coherence imaging with complementary performance characteristics. Real-time image reconstruction is implemented using parallel computing to support high-throughput data processing. Imaging experiments on phantom targets and ex-vivo animal tissues confirm the system’s capability to produce detailed, co-registered images of tissue morphology and structure. This technology offers a promising platform for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and enabling real-time decision-making in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Most micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes use capacitive detection to sense displacement from angular velocity, but parasitic capacitance and electromagnetic interference limit precision. Micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) gyroscopes replace capacitive readout with optical detection, improving sensitivity and interference resistance, yet integrating optical structures with diverse motion modes remains challenging. We propose a high-sensitivity MOEMS y-axis gyroscope based on a double-layer two-dimensional photonic crystal array (2L2DPCA). One photonic layer is fixed to the substrate and the second is attached to a movable sensing mass, which enhances light confinement and reduces optical energy loss. A dual-decoupled beam design isolates nonplanar motion and suppresses cross-coupling in the x and y axes. Simulations show excellent in-plane uniformity and coupling-error suppression. Mechanical sensitivity reaches 57.82 nm/(°/s); overall output sensitivity after optoelectronic conversion is ≈31.24 mV/(°/s). Angular random walk (ARW) is 3.77×10⁻⁵ °/h1/2 for coupling gaps d≈0.1–0.2μm. Experimental results validate rotational response and indicate real-time performance potential in engineering and aerospace environments. The proposed device combines high sensitivity, reduced noise, and robust anti-interference characteristics, improving measurement accuracy and dynamic range for compact navigation and precision sensing applications.

The demand for high-power, high-density VCSEL light sources in applications such as space, artificial intelligence, silicon photonics, and autonomous vehicles is steadily increasing. VCSEL chips are epitaxially grown on GaAs substrates and then packaged by attaching them to a mounting bracket using high-temperature-resistant adhesives. This issue limits the VCSEL’s output power, and restricts its application range. We propose first removing the VCSEL epitaxial layer from the GaAs substrate and transferring it to a CuW substrate. The VCSEL chip is then mounted on an AlN substrate using a metal eutectic bonding technique. The results indicate that bonding 36 VCSELs with a wavelength of 840 nm to CuW chips and mounting them onto an AlN substrate to form an array achieved voltage of 8.59 V and a driving current of 18 A. The output optical power reached 57.68 W, with a reduced packaging thermal resistance of 0.232 K/W.

Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) is once proposed in 1970s and evolving rapidly. Current researchers are seeking for better designs and better applications for MEMS actuators. This work presents an electrostatic driven dual-axis scanning micromirror, i.e., two-dimensional (2D) scanning micromirror with mirror size of 500 μm × 500 μm. The scanning mirror is implemented by using bulk micromachining process on silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate, which is compatible with present complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing technology. The scanning frequency of the slow axis and the fast axis is 4.87 kHz and 31.15 kHz, respectively. The impact factors of the dimensions of comb fingers and torsion beams are analyzed and discussed in this study. Under the driving voltage difference of 100 volts and 70 volts, the deviation angle is 4.57° × 13.08°. Therefore, a simple design of a dual-axis MEMS scanning micromirror is proposed, which can be precisely controlled without additional complex sensors or circuits.

In the realm of optical technologies, the integration of nature’s designs and modern engineering has paved the way for groundbreaking innovations. Bio-inspired tunable optics and photonics, drawing from the intricate mechanisms found in biological systems, offer a new frontier in adaptive and efficient light management. Here, this review presents a comprehensive examination of the principles, advancements, and applications of natural light-manipulation and adaptation mechanisms, highlighting their translation into artificial tunable optics and photonic structures. Emphasizing the remarkable potential of bio-inspired systems, particularly those emulating the tunable optical functionalities of biological eyes and skins, it explores the current state of bio-inspired tunable optics and photonic devices. Our review categorizes these tunable bio-inspired systems into two foundational mechanisms: light-manipulation and light-adaptation, illustrating their wide-ranging implications from consumer electronics to next-generation technologies. This review also highlights the challenges and prospects of bio-inspired tunable optics and photonics. It emphasizes their role in promoting tunable optical properties for multifunctional devices, providing revolutionary opportunities across various sectors, including the military and everyday life, thus surpassing current cutting-edge optical technologies.

During the last decade, many ophthalmic therapeutic drugs have been clinically approved, and intraocular injection has been a common surgical intervention. Injecting drugs directly into the subretinal space is crucial to treat retinal complications effectively. Here, we report a handheld microinjector with two fiber-optic distance sensors and time-delay control (TDC) to mitigate nonlinear disturbances during the injection task. The conventional method exhibited a cosine error of approximately 77 μm at an angle of 45°, whereas our proposed needle reduced measurement errors to ∼6 μm. Also, TDC-based position regulation is designed to adaptively apply motor inputs by estimating disturbances during the handheld task and achieving fast system responses with minor control errors. Phantom studies show a maximum reduction of 26.5% in root-mean-square error (RMSE) compared to the existing approach. Moreover, ex-vivo experiments demonstrated superior and robust injection performance, resulting in an injection RMSE of 10.3 μm.