The Jhargram–Purulia–Jharkhand border region exists as a living geographical area which allows people to maintain their cultural heritage while engaging in economic activities and using multiple transportation routes. The research studies how spatial patterns of interaction and border area movements create economic and environmental changes in this tri-junction territory located in eastern India. The research investigates cross-border labor movements and forest-based livelihoods and unofficial trade activities and infrastructure connections and cultural exchanges through spatial analysis and borderland theory and field research and secondary data. The results demonstrate that the area operates as a connected border corridor which displays tribal cultural bonds and resource-based economic activities and unequal development patterns between Bengal and Jharkhand. The ongoing movement of people and products and services through the area enhances regional connections between different regions of the area. The paper emphasizes the need for an integrated, border-sensitive development framework to enhance mobility, reduce inequalities, and sustainably manage natural resources in the borderland.

The blistering development of digital journalism and social media has contributed to the proliferation of misinformation and fake news [1], which affects the overall discourse, ruins the reputations of individuals and even can affect the election results [3]. Manual methods of fact checking are not scalable and are also time consuming and traditional [4]. To solve this, we suggest INFACT (Intelligent Fake News and Sentiment Analysis Framework), a modular system where machine learning is applied [6], and natural language processing,sentiment analysis [5], and credibility scoring to detect, classify, and analyze fake news in real time. The framework integrates six interconnected modules: web scraping, fake news detection, multimodal analysis, sentiment analysis, credibility scoring, and trend tracking. Implemented using Python, Django, and scikit learn, the system aims to provide users with reliable classification, interpretability through sentiment and credibility scores, and visual insights into misinformation trends.

Dr. Ambedkar is a leader of oppressed classes who fought against caste system and untouchability. His contributions as an economist, socio-political and constitutional expert. His ideas on economic planning, agricultural reforms, irrigation, and rural development are remaining remarkably relevant in the twenty-first century. Ambedkar recommended liberalization, globalization and privatization implemented in the year 1990. Ambedkar views of caste system as a major problem on the economic, social front. In this Article I mentioned Ambedkar’s work in the field of economics like contribution to monetary economics and public finance, views on Indian currency, Untouchability and Caste, abolition of Khoti system, public expenditure, public economics and economic liberalization etc. This paper also suggests ways the work of Ambedkar’s work in policy making. The paper concludes that Ambedkar’s integrated approach mixing economic justice, technological modernization, and decentralized development remains vital for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in contemporary India.

This study presents a comprehensive overview of the intertwined domains of education and health in the district of Gorakhpur, located in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Drawing on available secondary data; such as enrolment and literacy statistics for education and health‐service coverage, facility distribution and demographic indicators for health. This paper examines recent trends, identifies persistent gaps, and explores policy implications. On the education front, Gorakhpur has achieved a city literacy rate of around 83.9 per cent (male 88.7 per cent, female 78.7 per cent) according to the 2011 census, highlighting considerable progress yet showing gender disparities. Enrollment in primary and upper‐primary schools continues to increase, but infrastructure, teacher‐student ratios, and gender parity remain key concerns. In the health sector, the district exhibits both strengths and challenges: all 19 blocks have functional primary health centres or community health centres, showing structural reach of the health system. Yet, indicators such as under‐five mortality and maternal service utilization have historically lagged behind state and national levels, pointing to gaps in access, quality and social equity. Using a mixed-method analytical lens, this paper considers the interaction between educational attainment and health outcomes and the mutually reinforcing nature of the relationship, as well as how deficits in one area affect the other. It also examines policy frameworks and district-level institutional capacity, to highlight possible points for where we can implement an integrated approach to human-development efforts. The findings explains that while Gorakhpur has made a worthy step in human development, targeted efforts are needed; particularly in rural and poor communities to ensure inclusive progress. The study gives recommendations for improving gender parity in education, strengthening early‐childhood health and nutrition services, enhancing school‐health linkages, and reinforcing governance mechanisms for sustained outcomes.

The dynamics of twenty-first century international commerce have been transformed by the resurgence of global protectionism, manifested through tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and restrictive trade regulations. These regulations impose considerable barriers for a developing nation like India, as they restrict access to international markets, disrupt supply chains, and hinder export growth. The Indian government has formulated the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan as an extensive strategy to enhance resilience, fortify domestic industries, and mitigate foreign risks. This article critically examines the interplay between India's self-reliance objective and global protectionist trends, emphasising both potential and challenges. The study utilises secondary data from international and national sources to examine the effects of protectionism on India's trade performance and assesses governmental efforts aimed at improving competitiveness, promoting local entrepreneurship, and supporting traditional industries. The economical and cultural dimensions of self-reliance are highlighted through case studies from the export-oriented sectors of Uttar Pradesh, including handicrafts, leather, carpets, and brassware. The findings suggest that while global protectionism presents significant obstacles, it simultaneously incentivizes India to modernise its industries, diversify its markets, and fortify local communities. The study concludes with policy proposals to align India's economic strategy with the overarching objective of inclusive and sustainable self-reliance.

Democratic legitimacy is commonly grounded in the idea of popular consent. Elections are widely regarded as the primary institutional mechanism through which such consent is expressed. This paper critically examines the role of elections as a mechanism of consent in democratic theory. Drawing on classical and modern theorists, it interrogates whether electoral participation genuinely reflects popular consent or merely provides procedural legitimacy. The paper argues that while elections remain central to democratic justification, their capacity to embody meaningful consent is contingent upon broader political, social, and institutional conditions.

लेख में प्राथमिक शिक्षा में पर्यावरण शिक्षा की प्रासंगिकता पर विस्तृत चर्चा की गई है। भारतीय संस्कृति में पर्यावरण के प्रति आदर और संरक्षण की भावना वैदिक युग से ही विद्यमान रही है। वर्तमान समय में बढ़ते प्रदूषण, संसाधनों के दोहन और शहरीकरण ने पर्यावरण संतुलन को बिगाड़ दिया है, जिससे उसकी रक्षा के लिए जनचेतना और पर्यावरण शिक्षा अत्यंत आवश्यक हो गई है। बालक के विकास में वातावरण की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है, अतः प्राथमिक शिक्षा से ही पर्यावरण शिक्षा आरंभ की जानी चाहिए। इससे बच्चों में प्राकृतिक और सामाजिक परिवेश के प्रति जागरूकता, जिम्मेदारी और समझ विकसित होती है। लेख में बताया गया है कि किस प्रकार पर्यावरण शिक्षा बच्चों को तार्किक, बौद्धिक, सृजनात्मक और व्यवहारिक रूप से प्रशिक्षित करती है ताकि वे पर्यावरण संरक्षण में योगदान दे सकें। बुडवर्थ और विश्वकोश के उद्धरणों द्वारा यह स्पष्ट किया गया है कि पर्यावरण जीवन को हर स्तर पर प्रभावित करता है। प्राथमिक शिक्षा में पर्यावरण शिक्षण के उद्देश्य जैसे — प्रकृति के साथ संवाद, स्थानीय समस्याओं का हल, शैक्षिक भ्रमण और अनुभव आधारित शिक्षण को प्रमुखता दी गई है। राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 1986 और एनसीएफ 2005 ने भी इसे शिक्षा में अनिवार्य रूप से सम्मिलित करने का सुझाव दिया है। निष्कर्षतः यह स्पष्ट होता है कि प्राथमिक स्तर से ही पर्यावरण शिक्षा देना आवश्यक है ताकि भावी पीढ़ी प्रकृति के प्रति संवेदनशील और उत्तरदायी नागरिक बन सके।

In this paper, we are going to present sums over partitions. We define a function uₙ(g; q), which can be considered as one generalization of the q-Pochhammer symbol. Using this function uₙ(g; q), many results have been proved for sums of partitions into even distinct parts, odd distinct parts, 1 as the only part, and v = v as a part.

Parenting practices play a crucial role in shaping students’ psychological development, emotional adjustment, and interpersonal communication. The present study examined the relationship between parenting styles, self-disclosure, and emotional well-being among students. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed. The sample consisted of 150 students aged 16–24 years from higher secondary schools and undergraduate colleges in Rajasthan, India, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments including the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), the Self-Disclosure Index (SDI), and the Emotional Well-Being subscale of the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC-SF). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and mean comparisons were conducted using SPSS. The results indicated that authoritative parenting was the most frequently perceived parenting style among participants. Students who perceived authoritative parenting reported higher levels of self-disclosure and emotional well-being compared to those experiencing authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful parenting styles. Correlation analysis further revealed significant positive associations between parenting styles and both self-disclosure and emotional well-being. The findings highlight the importance of supportive and responsive parenting environments in fostering emotional openness and psychological well-being among students. The study contributes to the understanding of family influences on adolescents’ emotional development and underscores the role of positive parenting practices in promoting healthy communication and psychological adjustment.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. RFID stands for Radiofrequency Identification. The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna. RFID technology, initially explored in the 1980s, became more accessible and widely implemented by the early 2000s.Libraries Libraries have long served as essential institutions for knowledge preservation and dissemination, traditionally relying on physical resources like books and journals. RFID systems consist of tags, readers, and integrated software. The integration of RFID technology represents a significant advancement in library services, enhancing efficiency and user experience. A notable development in this area is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, which has significantly enhanced library management and user experience. RFID technology utilizes radio waves to identify and track objects, such as library materials, automatically. The advent of digital technology has revolutionized libraries, transforming them into dynamic hubs of information and community engagement. RFID technology provides several benefits, including improved user experience, operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and optimized resource utilization. The evolution of library technology began with mechanical cataloguing systems, progressing to automated systems and Integrated Library Systems (ILS). In a library setting, RFID technology improves inventory control, self-checkout systems, and security. While challenges exist, the benefits of RFID technology in improving library operations and services are substantial. RFID technology in libraries offers significant enhancements across various operational aspects. The adoption of RFID in libraries has led to benefits such as faster inventory checks, reduced checkout times, and enhanced security against theft. This technological evolution encompasses digital cataloguing systems, online databases, e-books, and automated circulation systems, among other advancements. Self-checkout systems improve user convenience by allowing patrons to borrow materials independently. RFID also enhances security through anti-theft measures and enables real-time data collection for operational insights and personalized services.