The article is based on results from a research project on space strategies and building values, which included a major case study of the development of facilities for the Danish Broadcasting Corporation over time. The focus is to identify, how different space strategies have been implemented in different periods and how these strategies can be related to the general conditions of the corporation. The strategic uncertainty of the corporation is investigated as a main determining factor for changes in space strategy based on theories of the relations between strategy and place. These theories include that corporations follow one of the three generic space strategies: Incrementalism, standardization, and value-based strategy. among the conclusion are, that the space strategies mostly changes between incremental and value-based strategies, but one period of standardization was identified. Furthermore, there is a clear relation between value-based space strategies and the presence of visionary project champions. Santrauka Straipsnio pagrindas—rezultatai, gauti atlikus erdvių strategijų ir vertės didinimo projekto tyrimą. Tyrimo esmė—paslaugų, teikiamų Danijos radijo ir televizijos korporacijai (angl. The Danish broadcasting corporation), plėtros pagrindinė situacinė analizė. Siekiama nustatyti, kokios skirtingos erdvių strategijos buvo įgyvendintos skirtingais laikotarpiais ir kaip jos gali būti susijusios su korporacijos bendromis sąlygomis. Korporacijos strateginė nežinomybė tyrinėjama kaip pagrindinis ir lemiamas erdvių strategijos pokyčių veiksnys, grindžiamas strategijos ir vietos ryšių teorijomis. Anot šių teorijų, korporacijos taiko vieną iš trijųbendrų erdvių strategijų: inkrementalizmo, standartizavimo ir verte grindžiamos strategijos. Paminėtina, kad erdvių strategijos kinta tarp inkrementalizmo ir verte grindžiamų strategijų, tačiau buvo nustatytas ir vienas standartizavimo laikotarpis. Be to, yra aiškus ryšys tarp verte grindžiamų erdvių strategijų ir nekomercinių projektų rėmėjų buvimo.

Wider scientific community now accept that the threat of climate change as real and thus acknowledge the importance of implementing adaptation measures in a global context. In the UK, the physical effects of climate change are likely to be directly felt in the form of extreme weather events, which are predicted to escalate in number and severity in future under the changing climatic conditions. Construction industry; which consists of supply chains running across various other industries, economies and regions, will also be affected due to these events. Thus, it is important that the construction organisations are well prepared to withstand the effects of extreme weather events not only directly affecting their organizations but also affecting their supply chains which in turn might affect the organisation concerned. Given the fact that more than 99% of construction sector businesses are SMEs, the area can benefit significantly from policy making to improve SME resilience and coping capacity. This paper presents the literature review and synthesis of a doctoral research study undertaken to address the issue of extreme weather resilience of construction sector SMEs and their supply chains. The main contribution of the paper to both academia and practitioners is a synthesis model that conceptualises the factors that enhances resilience of SMEs and their supply chains against extreme weather events. This synthesis model forms the basis of a decision making framework that will enable SMEs to both reduce their vulnerability and enhance their coping capacity against extreme weather. The value of this paper is further extended by the overall research design that is set forth as the way forward. Santruka Gana daug mokslininku jau sutinka, kad klimato kaitos gresme yra reali, taigi pripažista, kaip pasauliniame kontekste svarbu diegti prisitaikymo priemones. Tiketina, kad Jungtineje Karalysteje fizinis klimato kaitos poveikis bus tiesiogiai jaučiamas per ekstremalius meteorologinius reiškinius. Prognozuojama, kad kintant klimato salygoms ju skaičius ir intensyvumas ateityje dides. Tokie reiškiniai paveiks ir statybu pramone, kuria sudaro per kitas ivairiausias pramones šakas, ūkius ir regionus einančios tiekimo grandines. Taigi svarbu, kad statybu organizacijos būtu tinkamai pasiruošusios atlaikyti ekstremalius meteorologinius reiškinius, kurie daro tiesiogine itaka ne tik šioms organizacijoms, bet ir ju tiekimo grandinems, kurios savo ruožtu gali paveikti atitinkama organizacija. Daugiau kaip 99 proc. statybu sektoriuje veikiančiu imoniu priklauso SVV kategorijai, tad šiai sričiai išties praverstu politika, gerinanti SVV atsparuma ir gebejima susitvarkyti. Šiame darbe pateikiama literatūros apžvalga ir trumpai pristatomas daktaro disertacijos tyrimas, kuriuo siekta išnagrineti statybu sektoriaus SVV ir ju tiekimo grandiniu atsparuma ekstremaliems meteorologiniams reiškiniams. Pagrindinis darbo indelis, pravartus ir mokslininkams, ir praktikams, tai sintezes modelis, kuriame suformuluojami veiksniai, didinantys SVV ir ju tiekimo grandiniu atsparuma ekstremaliems meteorologiniams reiškiniams. Šis sintezes modelis yra sprendimu priemimo sistemos pagrindas, o sistema SVV leis ne tik mažinti pažeidžiamuma, bet ir didinti gebejima susitvarkyti esant ekstremaliems meteorologiniams reiškiniams. Šio darbo verte dar labiau padidina bendras tyrimo modelis, pateikiamas kaip žingsnis pirmyn.

This paper introduces a framework for capacity development for disaster risk reduction in the built environment. The framework was developed as a part of an ongoing research which aims to strengthen the capacities of individuals and institutions in the built environment to ensure that disaster risk reduction meets its mission and goals in a sustainable way. It is presented as a matrix that identifies four stages of capacity development against six groups of stakeholders in the built environment. The stages and the stakeholder groups were derived through a series of expert interviews and a comprehensive literature review. The four stages are named as Analysis, Creation, Utilisation and Retention. This paper in its latter sections focuses on the first stage, Analysis, and presents some of the initial findings of the research. Analysis attempts to capture capacity gaps in the relevant context in order to identify required capacity development. The study reviews literature on Sri Lanka and discusses such capacity gaps. Problems in the regulatory structure, deficiencies in necessary laws and regulations including problems in their implementation, and lack of required resources and skills have been identified as the major capacity gaps in the country. Santruka Šiame darbe pristatoma sistema, leidžianti ugdyti gebejima mažinti nelaimiu keliama rizika užstatytoje aplinkoje. Sistema sudaryta vykdant nuolatini tyrima, kuriuo siekiama didinti užstatytoje aplinkoje veikiančiu individu ir instituciju gebejimus, idant nelaimiu keliamos rizikos mažinimas darniai atitiktu jo misija ir tikslus. Sistema pateikiama kaip matrica, kuria sudaro keturi gebejimu ugdymo etapai ir šešios užstatytoje aplinkoje veikiančios interesu grupes. Etapai ir interesu grupes buvo nustatytos apklausiant ekspertus ir išsamiai apžvelgiant literatūra. Keturi etapai pavadinti “Analize”, “Kūrimas”, “Panaudojimas” ir “Išlaikymas”. Tolesnese šio darbo dalyse aptariamas pirmasis etapas “Analize” ir pateikiamos kelios pradines tyrimo išvados. Analize siekiama užfiksuoti atitinkamame kontekste esančias gebejimu spragas, kad būtu aišku, kuriuos gebejimus reikia ugdyti. Tyrime apžvelgiama literatūra apie Šri Lanka ir aptariamos tokios gebejimu spragos. Nustatyta, kad pagrindines šalies gebejimu spragos yra šios: problemos reglamentavimo struktūroje, būtinu istatymu ir reglamentu trūkumai, iskaitant ju igyvendinimo problemas, ir reikiamu ištekliu bei igūdžiu stoka.

The Korean real estate market is currently slowing down due to the global economic crisis, which resulted from subprime mortgage crisis in the United States. In response, the Korean government has adopted various policies in an attempt to deregulate real estate speculation. For example, the Loan to value ratio (LTV) has been increased in order to stimulate housing supply, demand, and housing transactions. However, these policies could potentially result in a mortgage crisis due to an increase in over‐amplified and high‐risk derivatives in Korea's secondary mortgage market. Consequently, the housing market could fall into such deep confusion that it will be even more difficult to perform empirically based housing market forecasting. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic method is required to analyze the real estate financial market and the causal relationships between market influence factors. With an integrated perspective and an application of a system dynamics methodology, this paper proposes Korean Real Estate and Mortgage Market dynamics models based on the fundamental principles and causal loops of housing markets, which are determined by the economic activities of consumers, financial agencies, and real estate financing investors. The potential effects of the Korean government's deregulation policies are also considered by focusing on the main factor of these policies: the mortgage loan. Santruka Korejos nekilnojamojo turto rinka šiuo metu išgyvena nuosmuki del pasaulines ekonomines krizes, kuri kilo del JAV būsto paskolu rinkos krizes. Reaguodama i tai, Korejos Vyriausybe emesi ivairiu politikos priemoniu, siekdama užkirsti kelia nekilnojamojo turto spekuliacijai. Pavyzdžiui, buvo padidintas paskolos ir vertes santykis (angl. LTV), siekiant skatinti būsto pasiūla, paklausa ir būsto sandorius. Tačiau šios politicos priemones galetu lemti būsto krize del per daug išplestos ir dideles rizikos išvestinemis priemonemis, didinant Korejos antrinio būsto rinka. Tačiau būsto rinka gali atsidurti tokioje painioje situacijoje, kad bus dar sunkiau atlikti empiriškai pagrista būsto rinkos prognoze. Todel reikalingas išsamus ir sisteminis metodas, padedantis analizuoti finansine nekilnojamojo turto rinka ir priežastini ryši tarp rinka veikiančiu veiksniu. Be integruotos perspektyvos ir dinamiško sistemingu metodu taikymo, šiame straipsnyje siūlomi Korejos nekilnojamojo turto ir paskolu rinkos dinamikos modeliai, pagristi pagrindiniais principais ir pagrindinemis nesekmemis būsto rinkose, kurios nustatomos pagal ekonomine vartotoju veikla, finansuojančias institucijas, ir nekilnojamaji turta finansuojančiais investuotojais. Galimas Korejos Vyriausybes pertvarkymo politicos rezultatas - sutelkti demesi i svarbiausia šiu politikos krypčiu rodikli - būsto paskolas.

The paper presents the comparative analysis of dwelling maintenance contractors aimed at determining the degree of their utility for users and bidding price of services by applying the method of multicriteria complex proportional assessment. To compare the performance of various maintenance contractors, the data from 15 dwelling maintenance organizations was used. A questionnaire survey of dwelling owners was conducted. Contractors were evaluated by a set of 44 criteria characterizing them from various perspectives. The analysis was made taking into account the standpoints of building owners (clients). The initial weights of qualitative criteria were calculated by expert methods. Then they were coordinated with the calculated values of quantitative criteria using the method of multicriteria complex proportional assessment. Multicriteria analysis of the performance of maintenance contractors allows us to determine the importance of particular contractor characteristics for achieving the aim to meet the needs of different participants of the maintenance process. Santruka Straipsnyje pateikta daugiabučius namus administruojančiu imoniu lyginamoji analize. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti daugiabučius namus administruojančiu imoniu paslaugu naudinguma namo naudotojams. Pavyzdžiui išspresti buvo naudoti penkiolikos daugiabučius namus administruojančiu imoniu paslaugu rodikliai. Imones pagal 44 juos apibūdinančius kriterijus vertino daugiabučiu namu gyventojai. Pradiniai kokybiniu rodikliu reikšmingumai nustatyti taikant ekspertini metoda. Kokybiniu ir kiekybiniu rodikliu reikšmingumai suderinti, optimalus variantas ir variantu naudingumai nustatyti daugiakriterinio kompleksinio proporcingo vertinimo metodu (angl. method of COmplex PRoportional ASsessment, COPRAS). Pagal taikyta metoda derybu metu galima koreguoti pasiūlymu kainas, atsižvelgiant i nustatyta alternatyvu naudinguma. Daugiakriterine analize leidžia nustatyti konkretaus rangovo rodikliu reikšmingumus, ivertinus skirtingus daugiabučiu namu priežiūros proceso dalyviu poreikius.

Risk is an unavoidable phenomenon in construction projects. Proper risk allocation in construction contracts has therefore come to assume prominence because risk identification and risk allocation have a clear bearing on risk handling decisions. The proper management of risks requires that they be identified and allocated in a well‐defined manner. This can only be achieved if contracting parties comprehend their risk responsibilities, risk event conditions, and risk handling capabilities. This research aims at identifying the risk responsibilities of contractual parties in order to improve their risk handling strategies with regard to Sri Lankan road projects. Semi‐structured interviews were used for the primary data collection. This was complemented with documentary evidence. The results show that road construction projects in Sri Lanka are exposed to many risk sources while most risks are borne by parties who were assigned with risks via contract clauses. However, parties not allocated with risks too happened to bear the consequences of such risks. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no one best way to respond to a risk and that different risk handling strategies should be adopted in order to deal effectively with risks. Santruka Rizika ‐ neišvengiamas statybu projektu reiškinys. Todel svarbus tapo tinkamas rizikos paskirstymas statybu rangos sutartyse, nes rizikos nustatymas ir rizikos paskirstymas daro akivaizdžia itaka rizikos valdymo sprendimams. Norint gerai valdyti rizika, reikia ja nustatyti ir tinkamai paskirstyti. Tai imanoma tik tuomet, jei sutarties šalys supranta savo atsakomybe už rizika, rizikos atveju salygas ir rizikos valdymo galimybes. Šiame tyrime, siekiant pagerinti sutarties šaliu rizikos valdymo strategijas, meginama nustatyti, kokia atsakomybe už rizika prisiima sutarties šalys pagal Šri Lankos keliu tiesimo projektus. Pirminiai duomenys surinkti iš pusiau struktūriniu interviu. Jie papildyti dokumentiniais irodymais. Iš rezultatu aiškeja, kad keliu tiesimo projektai Šri Lankoje imlūs daugybei rizikos šaltiniu, o daugeli rizikos rūšiu prisiima šalys, kurioms rizika priskiria sutarties nuostatos. Tačiau šalys, kurioms rizika nera priskirta, kartais irgi patiria tokios rizikos pasekmiu. Todel daroma išvada, kad nera vieno geriausio būdo reaguoti i rizika ir kad reikia taikyti ivairias rizikos valdymo strategijas, siekiant efektyviai spresti rizikos situacijas.

Disasters cause substantial damage around the world. This causes serious environmental and economic burden on normal living conditions, reconstruction and general waste collection processes. Within this context, waste management has emerged as a critical issue in responding to a disaster. Thus, this paper addresses post disaster waste management strategies adopted in developing countries and applicability of best global practices in respect of challenges encountered. Comprehensive literature review and field survey among national level institutes in Sri Lanka were conducted to gather information and semi‐structured interviews were used as a method of data collection. The findings revealed that strategies, issues and challenges are varying according to type of disaster, magnitude, location, country etc. Further, poor implementation of prevailing rules and regulations; poor standards of local expertise and capacities, inadequate funds, lack of communication and coordination are identified as key issues encountered. Santruka Stichines nelaimes visame pasaulyje pridaro daug žalos. Tai labai pasunkina aplinkosaugine ir ekonomine situacija iprastomis gyvenimo salygomis, atstatant aplinka ir vykdant bendruosius atlieku rinkimo procesus. Šiame kontekste atlieku tvarkymas išryškejo kaip esmine problema, reaguojant i stichine nelaime. Taigi šiame darbe nagrinejamos atlieku tvarkymo po stichiniu nelaimiu strategijos, taikomos besivystančiose šalyse, ir geriausiu pasauliniu praktiku taikymas, imantis kilusiu iššūkiu. Siekiant surinkti informacija, išsamiai apžvelgta literatūra ir tiesiogiai ištirtos Šri Lankos valstybines institucijos, o duomenims rinkti pasitelktas pusiau struktūriniu interviu metodas. Iš rezultatu aišku, kad strategijos, problemos ir iššūkiai skiriasi priklausomai nuo stichines nelaimes pobūdžio, masto, vietos, valstybes ir pan. Be to, nustatyta, kad pagrindines problemos yra prastas visuotiniu taisykliu ir reglamentu taikymas, prasti vietines patirties standartai ir menkos galimybes, lešu trūkumas, komunikacijos ir koordinavimo trūkumas.

Housing companies manage a considerable proportion of urban open green space in Sweden. This article explores how 62 Swedish housing companies, municipal and private, organise their open space maintenance and the reasons behind organisational structure. Here, organisational structure covers three aspects of open space maintenance: (1) whether performed in‐house or by a contractor, (2) whether performed by local managers or circulating teams, and (3) whether and how residents are involved in management. The organisational structures varied widely among the housing companies studied. Mixed structures were common. Formal resident involvement processes were almost only found in municipally owned areas with local managers. The arguments could be derived from two general management approaches, prioritizing either customer relations more or economic efficiency. The conclusion was that management approach might be important in choosing organisational structure. Santrauka Švedijos miestuose nemažą dalį atvirų žaliųjų plotų tvarko namų administravimo įmonės. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip 62 (savivaldybių ir privačios) namų administravimo įmonės organizuoja atvirų plotų priežiūrą Švedijoje ir kokios priežastys lemia organizacinę struktūrą. Čia organizacinė struktūra apima tris atvirų plotų priežiūros aspektus: (1) plotus tvarko pačios ar samdo kitus, (2) tvarko vietiniai vadybininkai ar laikinos komandos, (3) ar prie tvarkymo prisideda ir kaip prisideda gyventojai. Nagrinėtose namų administravimo įmonėse rasta labai skirtingų organizacinių struktūrų. Mišrios struktūros populiariausios. Formalūs gyventojų įtraukimo procesai aptikti beveik išskirtinai tik savivaldybėms priklausančiose zonose su vietiniais tvarkytojais. Įrodymų buvo galima gauti iš dviejų pagrindinių vadybos požiūrių, prioritetą suteikiant ryšiams su klientais arba ekonominiam efektyvumui. Prieita prie išvados, kad vadybos požiūris gali būti svarbus renkantis organizacinę struktūrą.

The role of location quality in housing consumption is an increasingly important research objective given the demand‐side considerations stemming from economic and socio‐cultural changes in urban and metropolitan housing market areas. In circumstances involving diversified demand, the consumption pattern comprises a set of different preference profiles. From an operational point of view, such outcome can be generated through ranking location attributes with respect to their relative importance for the house buyer or renter. This procedure may, for example, be based on pair‐wise comparison of attributes based on expert judgements and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This study is based on expert elicited residential location quality profiles in the inner city of Budapest, and builds on prior work on housing market analysis reported elsewhere. Here the particular issue, typical for post‐communist circumstances, concerns a mismatch between the range of available product groups and the increasingly quality conscious and differentiated buyer preferences. Ekspertų vertinimais pagrįsta būsto aplinkos požymių analizė Budapešto (Vengrija) centre Santrauka Vykdant tyrimus svarbus uždavinys ‐ įvertinti aplinkos kokybes vaidmenį renkantis busta, nepamirštant su paklausa susijusiu aplinkybių, kurias lemia ekonominiai ir socialiniai bei kultūriniai pokyčiai miestu ir didmiesčiu būsto rinkose. Kai paklausa yra įvairi, vartojimo polinkiai suformuoja skirtingu pageidaujamu savybių komplektą. Praktine prasme tokius rezultatus galima gauti įvertinusaplinkos požymius pagal santykine jų svarba namo pirkėjuiarba nuomininkui. Pavyzdžiui, šia procedūra galima atlikti lyginant požymiu poras pagal ekspertu vertinimus ir taikant analitini hierarchini procesą (AHP). Šis tyrimas pagristas ekspertu sudarytais gyvenamosios vietos kokybes aprašymais Budapešto centre ir remiasi ankstesniais būsto rinkos analizes darbais. Šiame darbe dėmesysatkreipiamas į viena problema, būdinga pokomunistinėms šalims ‐ siūlomu produktu grupių asortimentas neatitinka pirkėjo pageidavimu. Pirkėjai vis dažniau akcentuoja kokybe ir diferencijuoja savo poreikius.

While there is evidence on the effectiveness of diversifying real estate portfolio geographically, or by property type, there is lack of empirical evidence to justify whether diversification of managers is worth pursuing. This study produces evidence on the effectiveness of diversifying by managers and property types. The study collected data on capital and annual rental values from three (3) main Property Investment and Development Companies in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. From the data so collected, annual total returns (IRR), on residential properties, for a period of between 1997 and 2001 on the managers’ portfolio were calculated. Under the assumptions that investments are held long and that constant correlation model or excess return to standard deviation represents the covariance structure of assets’ returns, the study's analyses suggest that diversification of managers and property types produce improved performance. It also opens the possibility that an efficient portfolio developed by using constant correlation analysis may not be more efficient than a naively diversified portfolio as some of the naive diversification strategies are found to be effectively efficient.