Friction stir welding input parameters play a significant role in determining the weld joint quality. The quality of weld joint can be assessed in terms of microstructure, weld nugget geometry and mechanical properties. The present study takes up the multi-response optimization of friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium alloy, which is suitable for liquid rocket metal tanks of launching vehicles. This paper has reported a review of friction stir welding key parameters and their influence on weld quality. Experiment work has been conducted on 6mm thickness AA 2050 aluminium alloy to observe the influence of process parameters on the microstructural change and features of mechanical properties variation. A search for an appropriate set of process parameters capable of creating high-quality friction stir weldment has been made. The optimal process environment is made up of a number of process control characteristics known as factors. This thesis looked at two process variables: rotating speed and welding speed. Taguchi's L16 Orthogonal Array (OA) was used for testing parameters such as tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, hardness, bending strength and heat affected zone width. These various objective functions were added together to generate an overall quality indicator, which was then optimized. The goal was to optimize a multi-objective optimization problem by converting it to a single objective function. The Taguchi method, paired with grey connection notion, was used as a hybrid technique. RSM-integrated desirability approach has been used for the parametric optimization. To overcome the limitations of the desirability approach, an integrated method, RSM-GRA-PCA is used to solve the multi-response optimization problem. It can be inferred that RSM-GRA-PCA method has an edge over Taguchi-GRA-PCA method by comparing the overall weld qualities calculated by the two methods at their respective optimum process parameters. Optimal results have existed in the experimental work and no additional verification is required. And finally, the validation of the optimal results has been done by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Surface engineering and surface-engineered materials are increasingly used in engineering. This study's major goal is to understand the effects of heat treatment on AA 6061-T6. This experiment uses many parameters such as heat treatment temperature, steel heat treatment duration at the same temperature and cooling medium. In this experiment an attempt to improve the result for the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity values at different levels to use the technique which is called Taguchi method and ranking algorithm. Through this study aims to do optimization of various process parameters. To get the precise results used as a standard ASTM A370-E8 method to find out the response of the treated samples in the L9 orthogonal experimental design. During the experiments, nine samples of AA6061-T6 and all the nine pieces quenched at three different temperature pre-aging temperature of 300, 350 and 400 degC, pre-aging time of 1, 2 and 3 hours, re-aging temperature of 350, 400 and 450 degC and quenching medium of water/air/oil. The model implemented this with TOPSIS - Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution by Taguchi method and to conclusion that the optimum parameters for better response like pre-aging temperature of 350 degC, pre-aging time of 1 hr., re-aging temp. of 350 degC and quenching medium of water. The current study found distinct characteristics for mechanical and electrical conductivity in heat treatment ageing.

This paper describes about the design, fabrication and flow simulation of a choked flow nozzle which is used to supply constant mass flow rate to the air heater which can provide supersonic conditions for Supersonic Engine Test Facilities. The test facility is considered to be capable of delivering working gas at 5-20 kg/s flow rate, stagnation temperature at 800-2200 K and stagnation pressure at 8-40 bar to the inlet of combustion chamber of the engine for specified duration. The outlet condition for the choked nozzle is considered to be known and the required inlet pressure for the nozzle has to be found out. This converging nozzle should be capable of providing constant mass flow rate.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gradually gained traction in India over the past decade, driven by advancements in battery and electric powertrain technologies, affordable battery prices, improved charging infrastructure, and a shift in consumer preference. However, despite this progress, there are still obstacles-both technical and psychological-hindering the widespread adoption of EVs. This research aims to address these challenges by focusing on the acceptance of standardized battery packs (SBP) for battery swapping. A descriptive research survey was conducted among key stakeholders in India's ecosystem. The survey utilized a simple random sampling method and employed various statistical tools, including ANOVA, Chi-square, Correlation, and Regression, using the IBM SPSS statistical tool. The results of this research shed light on the potential for growth in battery swapping technology using SBP within the electric vehicle segment. This growth has the potential to alleviate range anxiety and will support the expansion of battery swapping infrastructure, further promoting the adoption of EVs.

In Ethiopia, scraps of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes and crushed glass bottles are largely considered waste and are not being recycled or reused. In this study, it is aimed at experimentally processing HDPE scrap and mixing it with waste glass powder to produce a composite material with the potential to become a matrix and reinforcement material for pipes. Six samples were produced with varying percentages of the reinforcement and matrix. Their mechanical and physical properties were measured according to composite standards. The compounding mechanism and chemical reactions were properly performed for each sample and crosslinking between all materials was characterized. The theoretical density of the samples was determined using the rule of mixture. After conducting all experiments, a composite sample with 27.645 MPa of tensile strength, 22.061 MPa of tear strength, an increase in hardness, an average actual density of 1.1195 g/cm3 and an increase in abrasion resistance capability was selected. This study demonstrates the potential for recycling HDPE scraps and waste glass powder into a composite material with desirable mechanical and physical properties for use in the production of pipes. The experimental results indicate that the waste HDPE and glass powder can be effectively processed and utilized as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to virgin materials for the production of composite materials. The use of waste materials in this manner can not only reduce the environmental impact of industrial waste but also create new opportunities for the recycling and repurposing of waste materials. Furthermore, the resulting composite material can offer improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance, compared to traditional materials. This study provides valuable insights into the development of sustainable composite materials and offers a promising avenue for future research on the recycling and reuse of waste materials.

The aerospace and automotive industries have shown many composites of metals in recent years because of their potential applications. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have a higher temperature tolerance and a higher strength-to-weight ratio. Due to the high cost of producing components, particulate MMCs have yet to be widely used in engineering applications. These composites have many benefits over more common materials. Even though it faces several technological challenges, it is still conceivable to use casting technology to discover a solution to this problem. Having reinforcements spread out evenly across the matrix is one of these difficulties. The composite material's characteristics and quality are adversely affected by this issue. In this study, we attempt to produce aluminium-based silicon carbide particulate MMCs. A uniformly distributed ceramic material is a primary research objective, along with developing a standardized, cost-effective method of making MMCs. To achieve these objectives, the stir casting process's two-step mixing strategy is now used to analyze subsequent properties. Al2O3 (98.40%) aluminium and 320-grit silica carbide will comprise the matrix and reinforcement, respectively. SiC weight percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% have all been tested while keeping all other variables constant. We found that the "developed method" is very useful in getting the required result of neutral reinforcement distribution across the matrix. Hardness and impact strength improved with the amount of SiC in the material. The best results have been obtained at a weight fraction of 25% SiC (maximum hardness 45.5 BHN and full impact strength 36 N-m). Assurance levels rose by contrasting the results with those of other researchers.

As one of the most important power equipment in industrial society, permanent magnet synchronous motor has a large number of uses in many fields. The traditional three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor using vector control technology cannot meet the industrial high precision control requirements. So, the motor is analysed, the permanent magnet motor control model is constructed, and the chicken cluster algorithm is used to optimize the vector control parameters of the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Considering that the traditional cluster model faces the problem of local optimal solution, hypercube sampling and particle swarm model are used to optimize the chicken flock model, and an improved chicken flock motor control model is constructed to achieve efficient control of the motor. In the test of Rastrigin function, the particle swarm model, the traditional flock model and the improved flock model converge after 91, 72 and 20 iterations, respectively, and the best objective function values of 3.91e-4, 9.27e-5 and 1.79e-5 are obtained for the three models. The improved flock model has better convergence efficiency and convergence accuracy. In the test of different motor control methods, the overall fluctuation of the improved flock model is smaller, and the stability is improved by 31.65% compared with the traditional vector control, and 11.35% compared with the traditional flock model. The research content has important reference value for intelligent control of motors.

This paper describes the investigation of Common Mode (CM) noise and Differential Mode (DM) noises in Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter applied in Electric Vehicle (EV) in order to reduce the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) that occurs in EVs. The DAB converter is designed and simulated using a spice simulator and the CM and DM noises from the converter circuit were measured as per the CISPR 25 EMI Standard. Based on the simulated results, the attenuation level of noise was calculated and used to design the components of the EMI filter. The design was validated using the simulation findings after the converter are created, tested and the experimental results compared. Based on the results and discussion, recommendations are made in this paper to reduce EMI in converters used in EV. Especially, suggestions to reduce the common mode and differential mode noises produced by Dual Active Bridge converters employed in EV were given as per the CISPR 25 standard.

The main concern of any automobile is to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. The depletion of Fossil Fuels has posed an alarming consequence for the field of Automobile engineering. To reduce emissions and increase efficiency, Butanol is adopted as an alternative fuel and tetra nitro methane (TNM) as an additive. The experiments were carried out on a 4-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine 5Hp rated power at different loads. The performance parameters like brake power, total fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and the emissions CO, CO2, HC and NOx are measured carefully. Among all the blends, 70%D-30%B has shown a more interesting change in thermal efficiency and emissions. At this proportion, TNM was added as an additive in different proportions. All the performance parameters were calculated, and emissions were measured at all proportions of TNM. There was a further increase in thermal efficiency and a reduction in emissions when the TNM was added. The higher thermal efficiency was achieved at a 70%D-30%B-15%TNM proportion with lower emissions when compared to diesel alone.

Biodiesel is an option to diesel fuel that is better for the environment. It is made of alkyl esters that come from fatty acids. Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils that are safe to eat, vegetable oils that are not safe to eat, animal fats, and used food oils. No motor changes are required to utilize biodiesel instead of oil-based diesel. Biodiesel can be blended in with oil-based diesel in any extent. This study focuses on the process of extracting oil from chicken faeces for preparing purposes. The removal of triglycerides is achieved by the transesterification process. The extracted oil properties like density, viscosity calorific value etc. were found in the college laboratory and the oil is used to blend in pure diesel in 5% and 10% by volume. The mixed fuels alongside unadulterated diesel are used to test to anticipate execution and practical speed on a solitary chamber diesel motor. The result shows that the chicken waste oil mix improves the productivity and better conservative speed.