This paper describes the design of a lightweight wing rib structure by combining topology optimisation with additive manufacturing. In addition, a deep feed-forward neural network model is proposed to perform the load prediction for the constructed wing structure incorporated with this optimised rib. The strain energy of the front rib has a minimum strain energy 1330 J for the initial volume state when the topology is not optimised for lightweighting. The relative error of the load prediction values obtained by the output layer of the deep feed-forward neural network is less than 0.02%. The absolute error of the small load prediction was less than 0.30 N. The presented results demonstrate the viability of additive manufactured rib and its implementation in global wing load prediction model for faster designs.

Rapid urbanization and the increasing prosperity of the world's population have led to a rise in energy demand. Humans mainly rely on energy for their standard of living and it plays an important role in the development of the country's socio-economy. Due to the increasing concerns about the environment, the scope of the investigation of alternative energy sources has increased. One of these is biodiesel, which is a type of fuel used to replace diesel. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of Margosa biodiesel on the performance of diesel engines. It also aims to identify the optimal fuel composition for these engines. To achieve the best possible performance, various tests are conducted on a VCR-diesel engine. The data collected during the study revealed that the performance parameters of BD-10 fuel are higher than those of margosa oil. These include mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption.

High strength AA2219-T87, Al-Cu alloy of 6mm plates were friction stir welded. Microstructures, micro hardness values, tensile properties and corrosion analysis were studied in the welded condition. The stirred region of the welded specimen looked like a rectangular shape, with a weld flow arm moving towards the top surface of the welded plates on each side of the welded region. Presence of CuAl2 particles found to be large in size in the base material of 2219 when compared to those in the weld nugget. The welded region 2219-2219 showed better pitting and general corrosive resistance compared to the 2219 parent metal.

The adhesively bonded joint creates a strong bond between the adherend and the adhesive and are replacing the riveted joints in numerous fields such as aerospace, automobile and civil sectors. In this study, the consequence of compositions of graphene nanoparticle doped in the epoxy adhesive on the shear behaviour of single lap joints of adhesively bonded glass and carbon fibre as adherends were investigated. Glass and carbon fibre laminates were produced using Rotex EP-306 resin and Rotex EH-758 hardener. Adhesively bonded single lap joints were then made by using a two-part epoxy structural adhesive. Graphene was added in weight percentages of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% into the resin and dispersed by using the method of ultrasonication. A shear test was carried to determine the bonding strength. Results indicated that joints with 0.5% wt. of graphene showed better bond strength compared to other configurations for both glass and carbon adherend. It was noted that with further increase in percentage of graphene, the shear strength decreased. Furthermore, the joints made with carbon as adherend showed better strength properties in comparison with joints made of glass adherend.

A proven viable technology to reduce vehicular exhaust gas emission is the catalytic converter. Although catalyst converters are an effective and efficient method to react to certain pollutants, they are expensive due to the use of noble metals like palladium, platinum and rhodium. Various research has been carried out to find a viable alternative to the noble metal catalyst that can react over vehicular pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) and particulate matter (PM) emitted by the combustion of hydrocarbon burnt internal combustion engine. This paper investigates the emission characteristics of a nano-particle-coated catalytic converter in a conventional fossil-fuelled compression ignition engine. The catalyst used in the research is a nano-particle of metal oxides such as aluminium oxide (nano-sized Al2O3) particle and titanium oxide nano-sized (TiO2) particle. This catalyst is less expensive compared to a noble catalyst. Experiments were made on a single cylinder four strokes water-cooled diesel-fuelled compression ignition engine with a catalytic converter coated with alternative nano-particles. The exhaust gas was allowed to pass through the nano-sized catalyst deposited over the honeycomb structure of the substrate of the catalytic converter and the emission was measured using a five-gas analyser. The result showed a decreased level of oxides of nitrogen.

In the present work, 6 mm plates of Al-Mg alloy AA5083-H321 was friction welded. Weld microstructures, hardness values and tensile properties were evaluated in the welded condition. Macrostructure studies revealed that the shape of the stir zone is a basin-shaped type and it appeared more like a rectangular box and no macroscopic defect or weakly bonded regions were observed in the weld region, which extended through the full thickness of the plates. There were no noticeable changes in the microstructure compared to the respective unaffected base material and there was not much of difference in the microstructures of the nugget and the base metal. The pitting corrosion results indicate that there was noticeable improvement in the pitting potential values of the welds. The weld nugget region exhibited better pitting corrosion resistance compared to other regions. The base material and the friction stir welded materials are far superior in resistance to salt fog corrosion.

Hybrid systems are evaluated primarily on GHG reduction reliability and cost of their system. It was decided that a rural Indian village would benefit from a grid-connected hybrid PV/WT battery system, the main objective of this investigation was to find the most cost-effective sizing of the parts for non-conventional energy-based hybrid systems. Maximizing the NCEF of the system was employed as the third fitness function to accomplish this aim by using the horse herd optimization approach to minimize two other objective functions, COE and LPSP while maximizing the system's NCEF. Three scenarios were given in this report to investigate how a proposed hybrid system and the grid's capacity to sell or purchase energy from each other would affect the interplay between the two. Economically optimum solution (lowest COE), renewable energy utilization viewpoint (highest NCEF) and ecologically ideal option (lowest COE) were the three views of horse herd optimization outcomes and the overall system is simulated and tested in MATLAB/Simulink.

Air-oil separator is used to recover oil from the air leaving the compressor. The air-oil separator design is based on the minimum diameter of capturing oil droplet and the separation efficiency of the separator. The available air-oil separators are Cyclone, Labyrinth, wire and oil filter. In this work cyclone separator is proposed due to its higher separation efficiency for wide range of droplet size. The proposed model C1 to C6 is analysed using CFD tool and maximum separation efficiency is obtained for C4 model and minimum residence time and static pressure is obtained for C3 model. It is concluded that C3 model is finalized model due to least residence time and back pressure with acceptable separation efficiency.

This paper forecasts the transient thermal temperature history during girth welding with a single pass over the welded area on pipe ASME class 300 flange joints of low carbon steel using the moving heat source extension model. Using ANSYS ACT extension for the model of the moving, heat source is simulated for the forecast of the distribution of temperature over the welded region during the welding process like gas metal arc welding. Then due to the residual stress induced by the thermal load of the welding, heat source on the joints is analysed and then comparison of the various heat distribution by changing welding parameters is analysed for optimal welding parameters to reduce the stress. The analysis was carried out on transient thermal and transient structural processes to predict the temperature distribution and residual stress respectively.

The main objective of this research is to provide better controlling and stability to B767 aircraft, where a study of elevators for pitch control for the described longitudinal movement is conducted. Intelligent controllers are designed and introduced to the surfaces of the linearized model of B767 aircraft, to identify the performance level based on time response and stability analysis by using different transfer functions. Self-tuning PID Controller and designed hybrid intelligent controller with a combination of PID controller and fuzzy controller are proposed along with few sensors installation to obtain results. A comparative assessment and quantitative analysis of controllers are carried out using MATLAB Simulink. This research has shown that the performance of the aircraft has improved significantly.