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The Rapti and Ghaghara rivers, most prone to flooding in northeastern Uttar Pradesh, India, have caused significant damage and loss of life. Due to flood damage, thorough and robust flood mitigation modelling methods are needed. Thus, this study uses multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) models (AHP, fuzzy-AHP, and Monte Carlo-AHP), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) to create a regional flood susceptibility map. The study uses expert surveys and Pareto analysis to identify seven significant flood factors: drainage density, elevation, slope, land use/cover, average rainfall, topographic wetness index (TWI), and river proximity. Flood susceptibility maps are created using a weighted overlay approach and divided into five susceptibility zones. Fuzzy-AHP (FAHP) had the highest predictive accuracy, with AUC values of 0.92, 0.85 for Monte Carlo AHP (MC-AHP), and 0.75 for AHP. The flood susceptibility maps were verified using Uttar Pradesh official flood data from 2022, and 2023, bolstering their trustworthiness.

This study deals with analysis of Indian summer monsoon rainfall spanning from June to September. The datasets utilised are Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) for the period from 1951 to 2007, and the Climate Prediction Centre (CPC) for the period from 2002 to 2017. It focuses on extreme precipitation events in the South Asian region, with an emphasis on the Indian subcontinent. The findings reveal an increasing number of extreme events and more intense rainfall in certain areas, despite a yearly decline in average monsoon rainfall across India. Over the long term (1871-2016), the trend reveals an annual decrease in monsoon rainfall, dropping by about -0.201 mm each year. Further, APHRODITE data indicates a decline in extreme rain events across most of India, while CPC data presents a different perspective.

This research aims to implement Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring in water treatment systems. A Gateway device will be designed to support the integration of a new IoT-based monitoring system based on conditions at the Petanglong, Indonesia. A Raspberry Pi and Node-Red software were used as programming tools to carry out the Gateway function and create a monitoring dashboard display with the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol as a communication path that connects the Gateway device with the cloud server. The results show that the Gateway device can work well in the new IoT-based monitoring system. The accuracy level of data reading between the value in the field and the dashboard display results is 99%, which works ideally at a reading time interval of every 5 s, with the difference in data display time and the dashboard display being in the time range of 2-3 s.

All countries have specific rules for flood management and river protection. This study aimed to provide an appropriate solution for defining applicable hydraulic area and flood hazard to determine the floodway and flood fringe of Gamasiab River in Iran using HEC-RAS. The results showed that the floodway limit was corresponding to the old terraces in the reach 1. In the reaches 3 and 4, the floodway has expanded to more than 1200 m on average and most of the rural and urban settlements in Bistoon area have been located in the floodway. Therefore, the water level was changed from 38 cm to 1 m in the reaches 3 and 4. Finally, it is not possible to use a fixed water height for different rivers even in different reaches. Also the designated height was different based on the status of residential areas and topography of floodplains and riverside lands.

Water is the essential substance for the operation of all ecological systems on Earth. Taiwan has been experiencing a shortage of water, and in 2021, encountered the most severe drought in the past 56 years. In this study, the researcher mainly explored the current situation, problems, and importance of water resources in Taiwan by citing statistics in the present databases. Through focusing on the unbalanced distribution and shortage of water resources, the researcher probed into the main causes of the water shortage to propose solutions. This study attempted to find solutions through the accessibility of water resources, the provision of effective water resources, renewable water resources per capita, and comparisons of water rates in Taiwan with those of other countries. According to the research findings, the government has established short-term, middle and long-term policies (including the development of water sources, reducing water usage, and dispatching and backup).