The Raspberry Pi is renowned for its compact design and essential features, coupled with a free Linux operating system, making it an ideal platform for a myriad of scientific and research endeavors. Particularly noteworthy are the official CMOS cameras tailored for Raspberry Pi, offering unique capabilities tailored for image data analysis purposes. The Raspberry Pi's Linux operating system (Raspbian) boasts crucial attributes like binary image output and adjustable shutter speed, rendering it highly conducive for scientific inquiries exploring the impact of particles and rays on CMOS sensors. Indeed, it serves as a valuable tool for conducting X-ray studies. Leveraging Python on Raspberry Pi enables the execution of camera operations, facilitating the generation of RAW image files that capture the effects of X-rays. By capturing RAW images with a shutter speed set to three seconds and conducting subsequent analysis on the RAW image files, one can derive insightful data, including the spot count diagram, the average area of spots diagram, and the average numerical value stored in spots diagram. Through this experimental approach, the distinctive effects of varying energy and intensity levels can be effectively discerned and elucidated.

The aim of this study is to investigate the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of ceria co-doped with samarium and lanthanum (LSDC) for application as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells operating at lower temperatures. To assess the crystal structure, microstructure, and electrical characteristics, techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and impedance spectroscopy were employed. The findings from XRD indicated that all samples crystallized into a single-phase, cubic fluorite structure, with crystallite sizes ranging from 20 to 29 nm. Confirmation of grain formation, along with average grain sizes between 380 and 966 nm, as well as the presence of pores, is determined by the SEM micrograph. The conductivity values determined through impedance spectroscopy for the compositions Ce0.9Sm0.05La0.05O1.95, Ce0.85Sm0.05La0.1O1.925, Ce0.85Sm0.1La0.05O1.925, and Ce0.8Sm0.1La0.1O1.9 were 4.28x10-3 S/cm, 6.5x10-3 S/cm, 1.63x10-2 S/cm, and 1.13x10-2 S/cm, respectively, at a temperature of 500 0C in an air atmosphere. The activation energies calculated for the samples Ce0.9Sm0.05La0.05O1.95, Ce0.85Sm0.05La0.1O1.925, Ce0.85Sm0.1La0.05O1.925, and Ce0.8Sm0.1La0.1O1.9 are 0.83 eV, 0.76 eV, 0.64 eV, and 0.67 eV, respectively. Among the LSDC-series samples, the composition Ce0.85Sm0.1La0.05O1.925 exhibits the highest ionic conductivities and the lowest activation energies across all measured temperatures. Additionally, every LSDC sample demonstrated ionic conductivities greater than 10-3 S/cm, even at the reduce temperature of 400 °C. These results collectively validate that the co-doping of samarium and lanthanum in ceria enhances its structure, morphology, and ionic conductivity, making it a viable strong electrolyte for applications in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

Plasmoid instability in the magnetized plasma of the solar corona, caused by the extended process of nonlinear magnetic reconnection, suddenly releases the plasma's stored magnetic energy in the form of plasma jets and accelerates non-thermal particles and relativistic charged particles. One of the most significant consequences of magnetic reconnection and the plasmoids formation in the solar Corona, as well as in the magnetopause and the Earth's magnetic tail, is the acceleration of charged particles towards the atmosphere. Based on a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of plasmoid instability, the acceleration of charged particles within the solar coronal plasma is investigated through the charge particle distribution function. According to the distribution function of charged particles, electrons are capable of reaching upstream speeds upon plasmoid instability forming. During the early stages of the development of plasmoid instability, the Maxwell distribution function exhibits an additional hump due to an increase in the number of resonant electrons in the wave-particle interaction process. Eventually, this positive slope disappears and its energy is transferred to waves, but subsequent magnetic reconnection causes particles to travel at their most probable speed

In this research, strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method. Gels were prepared from metal nitrates and citric acid with different Fe/Sr molar ratios and ammonia as pH adjuster. The phase, bond identification, composition, morphology, particle size and magnetic properties of the samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The effect of annealing temperature (750, 850, 950 and 1050 °C) as well as the effect of Fe/Sr molar ratio on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of strontium hexaferrite were investigated. XRD shows the formation of M-type strontium hexaferrite phase at temperatures 950 and 1050 °C. Three vibrational modes were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of the annealed samples, indicating the presence of metal-oxygen tensile bonds in hexaferrite. Coercive field (2500-6000 Oe) was obtained under different conditions.

Graphene oxide is an oxidized form of graphene and an electrical insulator. Graphene oxide can be used in the fabrication of electronic devices with variable resistance and capacitance (memristor and capacitive memory) and micro-supercapacitors in a metal/insulator/metal structure, where the state of the device changes based on the growth of graphene dendrites due to the reduction of the graphene oxide layer in the presence of moisture and applied electric field. The dendrites growth process is an irreversible electrochemical process that depends on many parameters such as the applied electric field and the environmental humidity. By controlling its reduction, suitable and stable devices can be fabricated as ionic devices like supercapacitors. In this research, potassium permanganate, which is an oxidizing agent, was used to control the rate of the graphene oxide reduction process. Depending on the amount of potassium permanganate and the amount of the applied electric field in the environmental conditions, three different behaviors are observed in the voltammetric responseof the samples. Such behaviors can be used in the fabrication of memristors, ionic devices (devices in which the ionic process is dominant), and micro-supercapacitors. In this research, the obtained results are discussed and the performance of the devices is studied.

The development of human societies, the excessive use of fossil fuels, and the expansion of industrial activities have significantly led to severe environmental issues, including water, air, and soil pollution. Therefore, in order to address these challenges, the application of clean and sustainable technologies has received considerable attention in recent years. In this context, the use of nanostructured semiconductor photocatalysts with suitable valence and conduction band energy levels, along with sufficient incident light intensity and proper wavelength for their activation, has emerged as a promising and effective approach to achieve sustainable development. Semiconductor photocatalysts, owing to their unique physical properties such as tunable bandgap and high specific surface area, as well as efficient charge carrier separation and transport, are capable of driving chemical reactions under appropriate illumination with high conversion efficiency. Moreover, due to their significant potential in protecting water resources and ecosystems, nanostructured photocatalysts have gained considerable attention in industrial wastewater treatment. Their primary application has been extensively reported particularly in the degradation of persistent and toxic pollutants such as pharmaceutical residues and synthetic dyes, especially in textile industries. This study provides the fundamental physics and underlying mechanisms of the photocatalytic degradation reactions of pharmaceutical and dye pollutants from industrial wastewater on the surface of suitable semiconductor photocatalysts, with an emphasis on their role in promoting sustainable community development. Furthermore, various types of semiconductor materials used as photocatalysts are introduced. The report then investigates several factors that affect their performance, including environmental reaction conditions, pollutant type (pharmaceutical or dye), design of photocatalyst crystal structure, and construction of heterojunction between two semiconductors. Finally, the current challenges in scaling up photocatalytic technology for industrial applications under real solar light are discussed.

It is possible to extend the shelf life and reduce the waste of agricultural products due to removing bacteria, viruses, insects and pests by means of gamma irradiation with the absorbed dose amount determined by microbiology and food laboratories. For this purpose, the design and construction of a self-shielded gamma irradiation system for irradiation of grains and legumes with radioactive sources of cobalt-60 with activity of 50 kilocuries was performed. In this system, agricultural products are fed in bulk into the input funnel with a conveyor belt. The products move from the inlet funnel to the spiral due to gravitational force and after passing through it, they enter the cask (irradiation chamber) to be irradiated. The absorbed dose amount of agricultural products depends on the time duration that they stay in the irradiation cask, their density, and their type of products, etc. Irradiation time can be adjusted by changing the rotational speed of the screw conveyor considering the last amount of activity remained in the cask at the time of irradiation by means of a software product. The design and construction of type 1 radiation system is based on ANSI/HPSN43.7-2018 standard designed using Solidworks software and basic biological shielding standard ISIRI7751 modeled and calculated by MCNPX software. Other designs and constructions, including industrial and facility drawings, electrical drawings, structural analysis, welding and electrical and control systems were also carried out based on their respective standards. The built mechanical structure can withstand 140kN of loading. The unique design of the entrance chamber in a form of a step instead of a spiral reduces the volume of lead material required for shielding by 2 tons compared to a similar irradiation system made in Hungary. The output mass flow rate of irradiated products in this system is about 1 ton/hour for wheat with dose of 200 grays. The dose uniformity ratio of 2 was obtained, which is acceptable for industrial radiation works.

The dynamics of a heterostructure composed of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic layers, separated by a metalic layer, has been investigated. By adjusting the applied magnetic field so that the frequency of one of the antiferromagnetic modes lies in the frequency range of the ferromagnetic layer, coherent coupling can be achieved due to interlayer exchange interaction. Moreover, the magnetization dynamics within the magnetic layers induce spin pumping into the metal, generating a spin accumulation in the metallic layer. The spin accumulation generates a spin transfer current from the metal to the magnetic layers, which can result in dissipative coupling between the dynamics of the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic layers. This coupling manifests as level attraction in the system's eigenmodes. The indirect coupling between the dynamics of the magnetic layers can be either coherent or dissipative, depending on the thickness of the metallic layer; for thin metallic layers, where interlayer exchange interaction is dominate, coherent coupling emerges, whereas in thick layers, where exchange interaction is negligible, dissipative coupling prevails.

One of the ways to absorb laser energy by plasma in thermonuclear fusion is called inverse bremsstrahlung absorption. In this process, energy is deposited through inverse bremsstrahlung radiation by plasma electrons. In the current work, inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in unmagnetized and inhomogeneous plasma is calculated. For this purpose, kinetic theory and Fokker-Planck equations are used and the Maxwellian distribution function is considered as the first isotropic distribution function. Then a numerical solution for solving the the laser electric field and the plasma dispersion function is proposed. After determining the inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, the effect of laser wavelength and plasma electron temperature on the absorption rate was studied. The results show that increasing the electron temperature and decreasing the laser wavelength increases the amount of absorption in unmagnetized and inhomogeneous plasma. Finally, The difference in inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas was investigated.

X-ray detectors, which generally enjoy very good detection efficiency and spatial resolution, have many applications including in radiography and basic research. Many of the existing radiographic methods are extremely inefficient and time-consuming, making them improper for real-time applications. A solution to avoid such a problem has been to develop structured scintillation films such as CsI, which have high density and fast response, and at the same time, have the possibility of being grown as compact micrometer structures – suggesting a way to attain better image qualities. Employing the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, we have used a simple geometry to serve as a radiography system, which includes a polymer layer as a camera, a structured layer of micro-columnar scintillators as x-ray converters, and an aluminum layer as a light reflector. Hence, for pencil-beam x-rays we investigated the dependence of blurring on the production depth of the resulting optical photons.