Proton therapy is one of the best methods of treatment for liver cancer. In this research, the main parts of proton therapy system, with passive scattering nozzle, including range-modulating wheel, energy-compensated contoured scatterer and collimators were simulated. Then the proton absorbed dose in healthy and tumoral tissues was calculated by simulating the proton therapy of liver tumors. Furthermore the secondary neutron dose, that increases the risk of secondary cancers, was calculated. For this purpose, the neutron equivalent absorbed dose in tumor and healthy tissues were calculated. Furthermore, the MIRD phantom was located in front of the output of the proton therapy system. By simulating the proton therapy for tumor in depth of 11 cm in the liver with mean source energy of 200 MeV, the absorbed dose of proton in tumor estimated as 3.32 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 7.26 times more than proton dose in healthy parts of liver. This ratio showed that tumor absorbs the maximum dose, while the healthy tissue absorbs the minimum dose. In the next step, the same procedure was done with mean source energy of 180 MeV for tumor in depth of 6 Cm. According to the results, the proton absorbed dose in tumor was 1.94 × 10-12 Gy/particle that is 9 times more than proton absorbed dose in healthy tissue. Also the maximum neutron equivalent absorbed dose in healthy tissue is of the order of 10-14 Sv that can be ignorable in comparison with proton treatment effects of proton therapy.

On an atomistic scale, free energy calculations are important for our understanding of biological processes, which provides an insight to grasp the various mechanisms. Over the years, many computational methods have been developed to calculate free energy differences such as geometrical (e.g. umbrella sampling) and alchemical methods. In this work, we present alchemical-free energy methods, thermodynamic integration (TI) and free energy perturbation (FEP), to investigate polarization effect of paclitaxel drug. Then, we have compared our simulation studies using TI, FEP, and Hamiltonian replica exchange FEP from the perspective of computational cost and accuracy.

Recently, we generated the evolution equations of the parton distribution functions (PDF) usually used in the hadrons phenomenology using the stochastic modeling of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in the momentum space. The evolution equations obtained from stochastic modeling are the same as the Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations, but are obtained by a more simplistic mathematical procedure based on the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of Markov processes. In this paper, we analytically solve the parton evolution equation for the non-singlet quark distribution function in the small-x (the longitudinal momentum fraction) region through the Kramers-Moyal expansion of the master equation. Finally, we compare the cutoff dependent non-singlet quark distribution function obtained from the analytical solution by considering the strong ordering and the angular ordering constraints with the ordinary non-singlet quark distribution function produced by the MMHT2014 group. In general, we show that our results at the small x and moderate Q2 (the energy scale) are in good agreement with the results of the MMHT2014 group.

ZnS film has been deposited on PbS buffer layer using thermal evaporation, the ZnS film has nanostructure (nanowires) due to effect of PbS which play role of catalyst. This growth for non doped films have dense structure (for PbS and ZnS films). SEM morphology of ZnS/PbS, ZnS and PbS have been studied in details (surface and cross section). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) used to characterized the thins films (ZnS and PbS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EDX techniques have utilized to know the chemical and stoichiometry of deposited films. The crystallographic properties have been studied using XRD patterns, it found that the results in Raman and XRD characterization have a good agreement. UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to acquire an idea about optical properties of thin films deposited on glass substrate. The deposited ZnS nanowires and thin film have hexagonal phase, which indicate to the buffer layer, which does not affects the structural but changes the growth mechanism. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) images have confirmed the formation of ZnS nanowires.

BiVO4 thin films with thickness of ~ 1.3 μm were deposited on ITO substrate via pulsed-spray pyrolysis deposition. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that BiVO4 layers have been crystallized in tetragonal scheelite phase with average crystallite size of ~ 16 nm. According to UV-visible absorption spectra, a band gap energy of ~2.47 eV was determined for the synthesized layers. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that a porous BiVO4 structure with average pore diameter of ~ 162 nm and worm-like fine particle diameter of ~ 208 nm has been synthesized. Oxygen vacancies have been induced into the layers via an electrochemical reduction treatment (ET). This employed process increased the surface-related capacitance by about 6 times. A double charge transport resistance and half capacitance for Helmholtz layer was determined after ET, indicating electron transfer from space charge layer to Helmholtz layer upon ET. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was found that effective charge carrier life time inside the BiVO4 thin films increased to ~25 ms which is 2-fold longer than the time before electrochemical reduction treatment.

In this paper, the statistical properties of 1- to 7- negative parity levels in the 170Tm nucleus are considered with emphasis on the nearest neighbor spacing distribution in the framework of random matrix theory. The latest available experimental data for different negative parity energy levels in the E≤ 3000 keV region are used to classifiy in different sequences and are analysed. The Berry – Robnik distribution function and the least square extraction method have been used to determine the parameter of distribution function in considered sequences. The results show the adaptation of the statistical behavior of all considered negative parity levels with the Wigner distribution function and therefore, the statistical correlation of such levels. Also, the strong correlations are yield for the sequences prepared by levels with odd spin values while the 2- levels show a weak correlation and a Poisson-like behavior. The dependence of the statistical behavior of the negative parity levels to the energy was investigated which suggests the maximum correlation in the 1300 <E < 2100 keV energy region.

In this paper a new method in design and modeling of infrared detector HgCdTe in photoconductive mode ‎is presented. In this method after scrutiny mechanical, optical, electrical properties of semiconductor ‎HgCdTe and solving the photoconductive equations, software of equations is programmed and with initial ‎value and repeat cycle, their changes to key parameters such as thickness, wavelength and amount of ‎impurities are calculated and finally, performance of detector is optimized.‎ Modeling of photoconductive detector has been done in temperature of 300K and 2-6 µm wavelength range‎‎, according to obtained results, optimal specific detectivity is 3×109 cmHz1/2W-1‎‏ ‏in 5.77 µm wavelength.‎

In this study, the thermoluminescece (TL) behavior of potassium chloride dosimeter doped with dysprosium impurity (KCl:Dy) was studied. Evaluation of the morphology, shape and size of prepared crystal were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Potassium chloride was prepared by co-precipitation with different percentages of dysprosium impurities and the best TL response was determined for gamma rays in 0.5 mol% of impurity. The optimum annealing regime was obtained at 700 for 30 minutes. Using a general order kinetic based on computer simulator, the glow curve and corresponding kinetics parameters were calculated. The TL glow curve of synthesized dosimeter shows two peaks at 393 and 415 K. Also, other dosimetric properties such as fading and TL dose response were studied

Bell's inequality has made the ability to find nonlocality in what happened by a numerical indicator. CP violation is one of the most important phenomena that occur in nature. It represents asymmetry in the matter and anti-matter in the universe. In this paper, we use a thought experiment to obtain a formalism of Bell's inequality of type CHSH for Majorana neutrino. This inequality is sensible to CP violation.

In this paper we investigate the electron laser wakefield acceleration using numerical solution of relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations with Semi-Lagrangian method. We found optimum pulse length to excite strong wakefields by investigation of electric fields and density variation, which caused by propagation of intense relativistic laser pulse through underdense plasma as well as average kinetic energy of electrons, for lasers with different pulse lengths.