Handwritten signature identification is a process that determines an individual’s true identity by analyzing their signature. This is an important task in various applications such as financial transactions, legal document verification, and biometric systems. Various techniques have been developed for signature identification, including feature-based methods and machine learning-based methods. However, verifying handwritten signatures in digital transactions and remote document authentication is still challenging. The inherent variety in people’s signatures, which may occur due to factors such as mood, exhaustion, or even the writing tool used, contributes to the problem. Furthermore, the proliferation of sophisticated forgery methods, such as freehand mimicking and sophisticated picture manipulation, necessitates the development of reliable and precise tools for identifying authentic signatures from fake ones.The present paper suggests a method for identifying signatures based on integrating static (off-line) handwritten signature data. This is done by fusing three types of signature features: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as appearance-based features, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) as frequency-features, and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) as texture-features. Then, these fused features are inputted into four types of machine learning algorithms: Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree, and AdaBoost classifiers, to identify each person and to find the most robust algorithm in terms of accuracy and precision and recall. For experiments, we have used two famous datasets: SigComp2011 and CEDAR. After training datasets, the highest accuracy achieved was 100% on the CEDAR dataset and 94.43% on the SigComp2011 dataset using a Naive Bayes classifier. Index Terms— Fast Fourier Transform, Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix, Handwritten Signature, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Machine Learning.

The artificial intelligence techniques such as neural networks and fuzzy systems play an important role to disconnect flexion & expansion of the swing leg, the earth response force of the other foot has been redesigned. Underthat paper, we think the fuzzy controller plan issue for yield following flawed genuine investigation of nonlinear systems. For examination, an essential fuzzy control plot has been bristly developed dependent on a current methodology delegate under the field.In this paper, the Feedforward Neural Network has been implemented with integer, fixed point and floating point data representations. Additionally, The Fuzzy Logic Controllers in both analog and digital forms has been implemented in hardware. Both designs use less hardware resources and operate with reasonable speed compared to other existing designs. The digital implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller has been tested for a simulated first order liquid level process and the performance results have been compared with those of the Matlab version of Fuzzy Logic Controller. Here, Fuzzy Logic Controller is used as the controller and is trained adaptively for the changes in process parameters using recursive k-means clustering algorithm for updating the centers of the hidden layer and Recursive Least Square algorithm for updating the weights of the output layer, the result of the settling time about 20ms and takes 20 iterations, and the squared error reaches zero at approximately 20 µs. Index Terms— Fuzzy Controller, leg interaction force, Prosthetic legs, Human walking, GyroAccelerate,Fuzzy Logic System.

A client-server network is one of the most important topics in a computer network. In this work, a real-time computer control system is designed based on the Client-Server Model for a Multi-Agent Mobile Robot System (CSM-MAMRS) and is applied to a building that consists of (N) floors and uses one mobile robot on each floor that has specific actions in different types of environments. The new proposed CSM-MAMRS consists of four layers. The first stage manages the network communication for each agent. The second stage solves the major problems of path planning by using a proposed hybrid algorithm that combines the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms in order to provide the shortest and smoothest path with collision avoidance between the starting and the target points in a static and dynamic robot environments are used.. In the third stage, a velocity planner controller is based on an inverse kinematic mobile robot model. In the fourth stage, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP is used to send velocity values to real mobile robots via the Wireless Network Control Administration. The simulation results and experimental works successfully achieved to significant improvement in real-time when using three missions of three mobile robots on different static map floors in the building. The maximum tracking pose errors for three robots in the static enviormnets are 0.39 cm, 0.02 cm, 0.32 cm respectively, but the maximum tracking pose error in the dynamic environments are 2.94 cm and 2.8 cm only for two mobile robots along the maximum distance of 250 cm. Index Terms— Real-time computer control, Mobile robot, Multi-agent system, Path planning algorithms.

Software-Defined Network (SDN) is one of the most predominant technologies for networking in the existing and next-generation networks. SDN can conFig. , control, protect, and optimize network resources through software. The fundamental benefit of SDN is enabling the application of dynamic management. In addition, the literature shows that partitioning a Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN) into several logical networks efficiently will optimize its performance. The main aim of paper is to design an algorithm to slice SD-WAN dynamically into several virtual networks according to the server-clients’ correlation using the Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). The several virtual networks improve QoS of SD-WAN and reduce its broadcasting domain. The proposed framework consists of two parts. The first part is the management algorithm that finds the best server for each client; then it groups this server with their client in a dedicated logical network. The second part includes creating a VLAN for each logical network in an SD-WAN. The application of the POX controller calculates and maintains the dynamic VLAN, which will be applied by the control plan to slice the topology in the data plan. SD-WAN topology is tested before and after applying VLANs. The results show enhancement in latency by 42.85%, throughput by 4.61%, loss packet by 72% and jitter by 47.86% after applying VLAN. Finally, the greatest gain is reducing the broadcasting ratio by 77.77%. Index Terms— Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN), Software-Defined Network (SDN), Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN), Quality of Service (QoS), OpenFlow (OF).

Communication and computing systems have made it easier for the world to transfer data and information from the sender to the recipient at the lowest cost and most efficiency. The transmission process may cause data corruption or error for many reasons, including the environment, the large volume of transmitted data, heat, and noise. for these Reasons, There is a need to correct and treat these errors. Individual errors can be easily corrected by hamming code, while burst errors cannot be corrected easily and need a hardware device called the interleaver used to correct the burst error. In this research, the different types of interleaver are studied and compared to find the best interleaver in order to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the systems. The issue is that interleaving takes a long time, which increases the turbo code's overall execution time. Our goal is to create an interleaver that is more sensitive and efficient than other varieties. Index Terms— interleaving, Chaotic Interleaver, turbo codes, 2d baker map.

Exoskeleton robots help users with mechanical forces by recognizing their intentions, and they require a lot of energy efficiency, a lot of load capacity, and a good fit. A basic one degree of freedom (DOF) construction was devised in this work, which was mostly used in the knees of exoskeleton robots. The exoskeleton is a small robotic device used for knee injury training. It is a nonlinear mathematical model with many mechanical factors that might vary and produce uncertainty, as well as external disturbances that can be utilized to monitor control. The transitioning process is frequently organized using tracking differentiator TD to resolve the conflict between system speed and overshoot. An active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) with a modified tracking differentiator is described to tackle these challenges, enhance control accuracy, and reduce settling time for exoskeleton modified trajectory differentiator (MTD).Simulation tests showed that (MTD) reduced the tracking error by 36%, when compared with the improved TD1 and 37.5% for Hans TD2 at uncertainty case . Despite the presence of several model uncertainties, the suggested training knee exoskeleton robot system using the MTD-ADRC was able to achieve the necessary target value. Control design and analysis can be done with Matlab and Simulink. Index Terms— Exoskeleton system, ADRC, MTD, nonlinear calculus, robustness

Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic techniques that provide various advantages, such as trustworthiness, collaboration, organization, identification, integrity, and transparency. Meanwhile, data analytics refers to the process of utilizing techniques to analyze big data and comprehend the relationships between data points to draw meaningful conclusions. The field of data analytics in Blockchain is relatively new, and few studies have been conducted to examine the challenges involved in Blockchain data analytics. This article presents a systematic analysis of how data analytics affects Blockchain performance, with the aim of investigating the current state of Blockchain-based data analytics techniques in research fields and exploring how specific features of this new technology may transform traditional business methods. The primary objectives of this study are to summarize the significant Blockchain techniques used thus far, identify current challenges and barriers in this field, determine the limitations of each paper that could be used for future development, and assess the extent to which Blockchain and data analytics have been effectively used to evaluate performance objectively. Moreover, we aim to identify potential future research paths and suggest new criteria in this burgeoning discipline through our review. Index Terms— Blockchain, Distributed Database, Distributed Consensus, Data Analytics, Public Ledger.

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is an extension of the conventional MIMO in the wireless systems which improves both of the access density and the spectral efficiency by adding a massive number of antenna array at the base station (BS). Massive MIMO increases the spectral efficiency by using the beamforming. Besides, the beamforming in massive MIMO improves the energy efficiency by focusing the energy in the desired direction instead of the omnidirectional propagation. In this paper, we propose and discuss different beamforming objectives in both the uplink and the downlink channels. These proposed objectives can be either use the beamforming of the desired signal without nulling the interference or use the beamforming with interference nulling. The beamforming with nulling objectives have better performance than those without nulling but this leads to a higher computational complexity as well. The results of this paper show and compare the performance of these objective including the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency as well as the computational complexity. Index Terms— Beamforming, Interefernce nulling, Energy efficiency, Massive MIMO, Spectral efficiency.

Compression of images process is a step in the image processing. It is concerned with the transmission and storage of digitally created images. Fractal coding is a potential image and video compression approach with good reconstruction fidelity and relatively large compression ratios, because of its simplicity and great performance; fractal image compression (FIC) is a particularly popular approach in image compression applications. However, it has a significant disadvantage in the form of a long encoding time. This is because encoding any small bit necessitates a massive similarity search in the original data As a result; the FIC search time is reduced while the quality of the reconstructed images is maintained acceptable level in many introduced paper and other still a study topic in progress. Fractal images are images that are self-similar in that each individual part is the same as the total. This paper will discusses many attempts for more author that working on image and video compression using fractal compression technique based on various approach and with each discuss focuses on the main parameter of compression such compression ratio (CR), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and encoding time, as well as the details of data set the used for testing also writing with each technique to creating fractal video and image compression. Index Terms— FIC, Video compression, parallel processing, Iteration Function System (IFS), Image processing.

The primary concerns with manual transactions include corruption, lack of transparency, fraud, and mismanagement of distribution operations, all of which are created by traditional centralized applications, necessitating the migration to blockchain technology. In this work, a system is presented to secure and monitor correspondence between several nodes and store it in a decentralized database in order to secure distributed ledger transactions and safeguard against fraud and tampering when transactions are shared by multiple parties. The hashing that blockchain technology delivers in each transaction ensures a high level of security. The hashing associated with each transaction confirms all sending and receiving transactions. When a transaction is sent from one node to another, the other node checks the hash accompanying the transaction to see if it came from a registered node or an external node. Within the blockchain system, the nodes will check transaction correspondences. The system has demonstrated its effectiveness by delivering a more secure messaging system with high credibility and tamper resistance. In addition, the time it takes to authenticate will be in real time. Index Terms— Blockchain, Consensus procedure, Hashing, Blockchain in Governance.