The research aimed to investigate Cryptosporidium spp. that infect sheep (different ages) by gathering 200 fecal samples from sheep in various regions of Nineveh province during the period from August 2024 to the end of February 2025.All samples were Examined by Microscopic methods and PCR technique followed by DNA sequencing tests and phylogenetic tree analysis to identify the species of parasite, which were then entered into the NCBI-GenBank database. This study was conducted for the first time in Nineveh province for identify Cryptosporidium species in sheep through PCR analysis were recorded in NCBI-GenBank database under accession numbers. The microscopic examination by using Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain (MZN), showed that the total infection rate was 52 % (104/200), with the severity of infection with the Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep was 62.5%, while the percentage of mild infection in sheep was 37.5% of the total (104) examined samples. Three species of Cryptosporidium were identified in the results of DNA sequencing based the 18s rRNA gene. Which namely C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. ubiquitum, six strains were registered which received the registration number GenBank accession number. Furthermore, through analysing the genetic evolutionary tree of the isolated strains, confirmed the existence of a convergence between the isolated local strains and the rest of the strains recorded in the gene bank and isolated in other countries of the world.

Heat stress in chicken husbandry is substantial stressor factor with increasing environmental temperature its prominence will increasing. To investigate the renal tissue histopathological finding and immunohistochemical expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1B) in the renal tissue of quails exposed to stress factor and supplemented with effective microorganism (EM). Forty one-day -old quails were utilized which were assign randomly into 4 groups of 10 quails every in each: M1 (control groups), M2 exposed to heat stress (36 C for sixty hour), M3 were giving both (EM and exposed to stress) and M4 remedy with Effective Microorganism (EM) 1000ppm in drinking water, 5 birds from each group were sacrificed at the end of experiment (20 and 40days respectively), the kidney was weighed, then 4-5nµ sections were prepared, stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemistry procedures were applied according to manufacturer’s protocol. Microscopic finding was identified by infiltration of inflammatory cell, bleeding, glomerular atrophy, and glomerular necrosis, sever destruction of tubular epithelium, coagulate necrosis, pyknosis and hyper cellularity, kidney relative weights was higher in Effective Microorganism group than controls and others groups, IL-1B cytokine protein expression was higher at 40 days of the experiment in contrast to first 20 days of it. From this result were concluded that although quails are resistant to environmental conditions, thermal stress had a negative impact on the study parameters.

This study investigated the morphological and histological characteristics of the os cordis, also known as the heart bone, in domesticated male ruminants that were grown in the local area. These ruminants included camels, buffaloes, bulls, rams, and billy goats. For the purpose of the study, fifty samples of hearts were taken from mature male ruminants. These samples were separated into two categories: morphological and histological. Following the completion of the morphological investigation, it was discovered that the os cordis was a huge bone elongated in shape. Both dextrum and sinistrum of the os cordis, were exhibit or showed in bull and the buffalo. On the other hand, whereas, the buffalo had a dextrum that was more extended and irregular in shape. whereas, the buffalo had a dextrum that was more extended and irregular in shape. Histological examination revealed comparable features among the studied animals. In camels, the spongy bone was surrounded by multiple cavities containing one marrow, fatty connective tissue, blood vessels, and trabeculae. PAS staining demonstrated varying degrees of interaction with bone tissue, with exhibiting strong reaction whereas amels, buffaloes, and rams showedild staining. The histochemical examination confirmed these different degrees of interaction. Collagen fibers were present in most examined animals, whereas elastic fibers were consistently observed in all specimens

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) also known as hydatidosis is a widespread health problem worldwide caused by Echinococcus tapeworms. The research aims to explore how nuclear particle affects the levels of CD4 protein expression in body organs (liver, spleen and intestine) and the enzymes related to liver functions (Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)) in rats infected with hydatid cyst disease. Samples of hydatid cyst and protoscoleces were obtained from sheep livers and their viability was evaluated. The protoscoleces were exposed to nuclear particles at different energy (2.3 and 4.3MeV) and durations to study their viability. Protoscoleces, irradiated and non-irradiated, were injected into six groups of rats. The physiological and biochemical impacts were monitored over time spans. The present study indicated that longer exposures of protoscoleces to nuclear particles led to increase killing rates. Liver and spleen weights as their hypertrophy index return to normal after five months. Liver enzyme levels (GPT, GOT and ALP) remain within the range after 4 to 5 months of infection. Extended nuclear particles contributed to the elimination of parasite and tissue healing. The present study highlights how nuclear particle could be used as a treatment for hydatid cyst infection by impacting their survival rates.

Feline panleukopenia (FP) in cats may trigger secondary infections, which cause a wide range of clinical symptoms. This study aimed to report a case of two FP-positive cats that showed respiratory disorder. Anamnesis and clinical examination of vital parameters were carried out, as well as further examinations of the complete blood count and rapid FPV-Ag test. Subjects were < 1-year-old Persian cats (UP and CI) that had been treated for three and four consecutive days, respectively, before death. Anamnesis at the first presentation demonstrated that the cats had nasal discharge for more than 4 weeks, loss of appetite, and dehydration without a history of vomiting, but only UP developed paste diarrhea. At first presentation, only UP was lethargic, feverish, and had a lower leukocyte, while CI developed similar conditions after 3 days of treatment. A positive result of the FPV-Ag test was established for both cats. The postmortem examination showed an abnormal intestine, spleen, lungs, and heart. Histopathological examination of the duodenum revealed obstructions of villi and crypt epithelium necrosis. The swollen spleen was observed, along with white pulp atrophy and necrosis. The alveolar walls of the lungs contain inflammatory cells with pinkish exudate, which may be related to the atrophy of myofiber. Overall, this case report details that the FP in cats with respiratory signs had severe leukopenia, elevated fibrinogen, and alterations in multiple organs, highlighting the involvement of secondary issues.

Managing fish health effectively requires understanding bacterial coinfections and environmental factors.The effects of copper sulfate and potassium permanganate on bacterial infection in naturally infected farmed fish obtained from private fish farms in Wadi El-Natrun, El Menoufia, Egypt, with high mortality rates have been evaluated. Forty Mugil capito and seventy-four Oreochromis niloticus were randomly selected from these farms. One pure isolate, including E. coli (n=11), Enterobacter spp. (n=5), Klebsiella spp. (n=5), Salmonella spp. (n=3), Pseudomonas spp. (n=12), Aeromonas spp. (n=2), and Enterococcus spp. (n=13), was recovered from the fish samples. Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas were predominant in both fish species. Compared with other farms, Farms 4 and 5 presented higher frequencies of Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli infections in clinically affected fish (χ2 = 6.02, p = 0.031). Significant differences were observed between farms (χ2 = 9.37, p = 0.024). These isolates were further identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A water analysis revealed that the phosphate, sulfate, hardness, and chloride levels were above permissible limits on farms 4 and 5. During this study, copper sulfate (CuSO4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) were applied at 24-hour intervals for seven days, and their effects on bacterial loads, coliform counts, and mortality in morbid Nile tilapia were examined. The pretreatment samples served as a control group. CuSO4 and KMnO4 effectively reduced the bacterial load and mortality rates. Compared with untreated fish, those treated with CuSO4 or KMnO4 had survival rates of 80.0% and 70.2%, respectively.

The giant freshwater prawn (GFP) is highly susceptible to ectoparasite infestations, particularly under suboptimal management conditions. This study investigates the prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites on various prawn body parts, including the gills, body surface, swimming legs, and walking legs. A total of 180 prawns were sampled from the GFP culture ponds located in the Subang region of West Java, Indonesia. These samples were then analyzed microscopically. Identified ectoparasites included protozoans (Epistylis sp., Zoothamnium sp., Vorticella sp.) and Temnocephala sp. The prevalence and intensity levels were as follows: Temnocephala sp. (100%; 907 individuals/prawn), Zoothamnium sp. (27%; 35 individuals/prawn), Vorticella sp. (27%; 26 individuals/prawn), and Epistylis sp. (29%; 4 individuals/prawn). The gills exhibited the highest prevalence (100%) and intensity (550 individuals/prawn), severely impacting respiration and increasing mortality risk. These findings highlight the urgent need for effective parasite management strategies in GFP aquaculture to minimize economic losses and enhance sustainability.

In veterinary medicine, laparoscopic nephrectomy for dogs and cats has become the most acceptable scientific trend over traditional open surgery as a result of its great benefits. Unilateral nephrectomy would impact some hormonal and ultrasonic features as a sequel or even as a compensatory mechanism. To ensure these expected outcomes, this work has been planned using sixteen local breed adult cats as an experimental model. A baseline sample of blood and sonography examinations were performed prior to surgery, then a complete unilateral laparoscopic excision of the left kidney was achieved for all cats. The assessment following excision was accomplished using ultrasonographic and biochemical results of erythropoietin and vitamin D3 concentrations on days 15, 30, and 60 following excisions. The follow-up examinations proved the safety of the laparoscopic nephrectomy, while ultrasonographic examination showed the presence of a clear and gradual compensatory increase in the size and the measured dimensions of the remaining kidney since the second week after excision until the end of the study in all experimental cats compared with preoperative values. Besides, the biochemical findings of erythropoietin and vitamin D3 values revealed the presence of a significant gradual compensatory increase in their concentrations from the fourth week after excision until the 60th day. In conclusion, unilateral nephrectomy is highly associated with the presence of ultrasonic and biochemical compensatory mechanisms exhibited by the enlargement of the remaining kidney's size and the elevation in erythropoietin and vitamin D3 concentrations.

Besnoitia besnoiti (Bb)has become an important cause of severe commercial losses in endemic zones globally. The seroprevalence of this organism in Iraq is underreported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of bovine besnoitiosis (BB) in Mosul city, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was done from April 2024 to February 2025 on 20 farms. A total of 300 sera were collected from animals aged 1 to 7 years and examined using a commercially available indirect enzyme immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The probable risk factors investigated were age, sex, breed origin, herd size, and season. The overall prevalence of BB was 23% (69/300; 95% Confidence interval (CI)= 17.9 to 29.1). During spring, older animals (≥ 5 years old) and herds with imported breeds showed greater seroprevalences of antibodies against Bb, whereas a lower prevalence rate in animals with ≤ 1 year old. Univariable analysis showed that cattle aged ≥5 years, imported breeds, and those sampled in spring were significantly more likely to be seropositive. In a multivariable regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of seropositivity was 6.0 times higher for animals ≥ 5 years old and 4.0 times higher for spring compared to younger animals and other times of year. Imported animals were 3.1 times more likely to be seropositive than native breeds. This study provides the first seroepidemiological studies on B. besnoiti in Mosul city, Iraq. Older animals, imported breeds, and spring represented considerable risk factors for infection. These findings are crucial in guiding future surveillance and control actions for BB in the region.

Lion's mane (Helicium erinaceus) is a highly medicinal fungus with diverse bioactive molecules that have been proven to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the current study’s objective was to probe the potential function of this mushroom in the protection of the brain, and we screened its effect on testes in metronidazole-induced toxicity. Adult male Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups, each containing six animals. In the control group, rats were administered distilled water; the second group was given metronidazole at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight; the third and fourth groups were administered Lion’s mane at 1 and 1.5g/kg, respectively. Two hours later, metronidazole was given at a dose of 500mg/kg. Metronidazole and Lion’s mane were given orally for 40 consecutive days. Results of the open field test showed significant neurobehavioral alterations in Lion’s mane-treated rats. Lion's mane at 1g/kg mitigated histological damage in the brain and preserved testosterone levels, whereas 1.5g/kg showed adverse effects on the testes. All treated groups showed relatively the same intensity for expression of both p53 and Bcl-2 proteins. Notably, p53 expression was more intense at 1.5g/kg, while Bcl-2 expression was intense at 1g/kg. We conclude from the current study that Lion’s mane, at low doses, acts as a protective herb against metronidazole toxicity, exhibits an improvement of the histological changes, and exerts anti-apoptosis characteristics.