Native speakers of Polish, including persons with disabilities, differ in their choice to use either Polish equivalent of Person First style, i.e. a phrase with a modifying prepositional phrase: osoba z niepełnosprawnością, or the form with an adjectival modifier: osoba niepełnosprawna. In the article it is suggested that the tendency to avoid osoba niepełnosprawna is due to its two linguistic features. One is its subtle polysemy, hitherto unnoticed, due to either intersective or subsective reading of the adjective; the other is the adjective’s potential for negative valuation due to its morphological structure. These features are analyzed using a selection of theoretical approaches, including some analyses of Polish classificatory modifiers, as well as elements of Construction Grammar. I further use argumentations presented by disability self-advocates who have expressed their reasons for preferring either term as evidence for the various senses identified.

The article critically examines examples from scholarly literature that have been claimed to represent the earliest uses of the Polish words pan and pani as address pronouns. Through detailed philological and contextual analysis, the authors demonstrate that the cited examples from the 16th century (Rej’s Figliki, Kochanowski’s Szachy, Górnicki’s Dworzanin polski), late 17th century (Petr Michael’s phrasebook), and 1766 (actress Prusinowska’s letter) do not constitute reliable attestations of this function. The earliest credible examples should be dated to 1781 (Zabłocki’s comedies) or Żera’s book of anecdotes (after 1773).

The study is concerned with language units such as the Polish akta ‘files’, baty ‘licking’ or ‘whips’, cynaderki ‘kidneys’, which emerged through lexicalization of specific meanings connected with the plural form of respective dual-number nouns (sing. akt, bat, cynaderka). The example of bat and baty shows the dynamics of their status in the space of language: the referential diversity of their forms in texts and the diversity of approaches to this fact in dictionaries, revealing the fluidity of the boundaries between two-number nouns and pluralia tantum in the Polish language. Based on the analysis of over 230 units of this type, mechanisms of linking meanings with the plural form were also revealed, such as narrowing, expanding, metonymy and metaphor, leading to the blurring of the boundaries between these subcategories of nouns.

The fundamental purpose of the article is to examine the synchrony-diachrony opposition from the perspective of phraseology. Considerations devoted to this subject involve the processes of the neutralisation of early diminutives and the augmenting of their unmarked word-formative bases, as well as certain words which used to be tautological, and which gradually evolved toward augmentative terms. The text presents constructions which, until today, retained the content of the lexical component but which are currently interpreted on the basis of the modern semantics of the constituent word, e.g. łoże boleści ‘sickbed’, łoże śmiertelne ‘deathbed’, być, znaleźć się między młotem a kowadłem ‘to be, to find oneself between a hammer and an anvil’. One also discusses combinations which saw the modification of their lexical content due to the reversal of the direction of motivation of the words in question, e.g. kupić kota w worze – kupić kota w worku ‘to buy a cat in a bag’, do garnca [czyjego] naględać – zaglądać w cudze garnki/komuś w garnki ‘to look into someone’s pot – to look into strangers’ pots’, z jednej misy jadać – jeść z jednej miski ‘to eat from one bowl’. Separate remarks are devoted to phraseologisms which currently feature a neutral and a marked component.

The subject of the article is a description of the meanings and contexts in which the noun degenerat ‘degenerate’ is used today. The material taken from the MoncoPL corpus includes 2,320 concordances, dated from 2008 to 2023. The analysis of the statements proved that the noun degenerate is used both in a primarily representative function (it means people who break selected legal and moral rules) and a primarily expressive function (it then constitutes an insult and is used to name people with different views, mainly political ones and regarding the LGBTQ+ community). In both cases, the noun degenerate has a negative axiological character, which is why it is often used in colloquial and vulgar statements.

The aim of the article is to present the methods of identifying women in the anthroponym system of the Daleszyce parish in the 17th century. I excerpted the research material (consisting of almost 13,000 notations) from baptism and birth registers from 1602–1700 written in Latin. So far, it has not been the subject of onomastic examination. I present the conclusions regarding the universality and degree of stabilization of additional anthroponymic terms for women in the 17th century (i.e. terms appearing after the name). In the collected material, I distinguish several different ways of identifying women – from single-element terms to two- and multi-element terms. The material confirms the very frequent mixing of formants characteristic of maiden surnames with those typical of married women’s surnames. There are large disproportions between the markings identifying mothers and the markings identifying godmothers. The additional anthroponymic terms examined do not yet meet the basic definitional features of the surname, including: its obligatory and immutable character.

The article presents a binary classification of the uses of to, based on findings from an exploratory corpus investigation. In contrast to numerous and often insightful theoretical works devoted to to, this paper concentrates on empirical phenomena which allow us to distinguish between functionally different uses, based on formal criteria (such as sentence-initial position or prosodic features like cliticity and compulsory accent on an adjacent phrase). By adopting this empirical approach, the study not only provides a comprehensive overview of the reserach field but also brings new observations and poses new research questions.

Poprzedzona wieloletnimi badaniami nad językiem pisarza recenzowana monografia Języki w języku. Elementy obcojęzyczne w twórczości Michała Choromańskiego uzupełnia lukę -z jednej strony w badaniach twórczości M. Choromańskiego, z drugiej w pracach komparatystycznych poświęconych analizie słownictwa obcojęzycznego. Rozprawa bardzo dobrze wpisuje się w popularny od kilkunastu lat w środowisku językoznawczym nurt badań funkcjonowania elementów obcojęzycznych w literaturze pięknej, bilingwalizmu polsko-obcego. Jest udaną próbą syntetycznej prezentacji wybranej problematyki dotyczącej elementów obcojęzycznych na nowym materiale badawczym, do tej pory jeszcze słabo rozpoznanym i opisanym przez badaczy. Książka Doroty Suchackiej-Pietrzak składa się z trzech części zamkniętych w dziesięciu rozdziałach (s. 9-273), ze streszczenia w języku polskim i angielskim (s. 275-276) i z bibliografii (s. 277-297). W pierwszej kolejności autorka określa cel badań, jakim jest analiza słownictwa obcojęzycznego, pochodzącego z dziesięciu języków indoeuropejskich, wyekscerpowanego głównie z utworów prozatorskich M. Choromańskiego. Następnie D. Suchacka-Pietrzak przybliża sylwetkę nieco zapomnianego artysty sięgającego po różne środki przekazu -M. Choromański był malarzem, poetą, pisarzem. Głównym narzędziem, za pomocą którego opisywał rzeczywistość, uczynił język, a właściwie języki, bo żyjąc w środowisku wielojęzycznym, wieloma językami się posługiwał. Krótki rys bibliograficzny