Climate change is already bringing tremendous influence on people’s lives, particularly the underprivileged. It’s already visible in a variety of ways. In recent decades, Asia and the Pacific have seen consistent warming trends as well as more frequent and powerful extreme weather events such as droughts, cyclones, floods, and hailstorms. This study was done in Ajmer District of Rajasthan, to find out the climate variation in the last 10 years. The study describes the effects due to climate change on the livelihoods of the people, so a descriptive research design was used for the study to find out the impact of climate change on rural livelihood in central Rajasthan. The study is based on a large representative of sample, quantitative data was collected to gain an idea of the impact on the livelihoods due to climate change at the household level. It shows the negative impact of climate change on rural livelihood which forced the people to change their livelihood directly or indirectly. It was found that climate change had an impact on people’s lives and people do understand the variation in climate change in terms of changes in the weather, unseasonal rain, and drought.

The present work highlights response of a global spectral model T80L18 with respect to Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) during 8 years period of 1996-2003. The model performance is evaluated for day-1, day-3 and day-4 retrospective 24-hour accumulated rainfall forecasts from 0300 UTC to the next day 0300 UTC using in-situ rainfall observations of 4491 stations. The model performance is evaluated by assessing: (i) percentage departure and root mean square error (RMSE) of seasonal rainfall forecast, (ii) coefficient of variation (CoV) of seasonal rainfall forecast and observation, along with percentage departure of monthly rainfall forecast and (iii) model performance during a drought and a normal year of 2002 and 2003, respectively. Generally, it is noted that the T80L18 model underestimated high rainfall and overestimated low rainfall, however, with increasing forecast duration prediction over low rainfall areas improved. The model RMSE over central and western India is found to increase with increasing forecast duration; however, the same was found to decrease over Jammu and Kashmir. The CoV of day-1 rainfall forecast is found to be low over all India in comparison to the observed data. In the case of model performance evaluation during a drought and a normal year of 2002 and 2003, it is noted that the model produced higher rainfall over the rainfall deficit regions of observed distribution; whereas the heaviest observed rainfall region (>250 cm) is not well resolved by the model. In general, the T80L18 model performance is noted to be better over central India for mean seasonal rainfall prediction.

A comparative discussion on advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including their productivity and resistance, began from the moment of first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context, progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations, the question of how that will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with planted ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needles pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the tree biomass allocation structure for major tree species of Eurasia, in particular, the 1880 and 1967 data of naturally regenerated and planted sample pine trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models were calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean temperature of January and mean annual precipitation; their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and planted trees increases with the rise in the temperature in the month of January and annual precipitation. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches’ biomass. Iit has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of planted trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percentage excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January’s temperature, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. The uncertainties of estimations, as well as the nature of the obtained regularities, are discussed in the text.

Climate change poses a serious threat worldwide including increase in temperature particularly in tropical countries and our country India is no exception to it. It has been also reported that the work performance of the human resources is also affected particularly those who were exposed to outdoo r working environment. In this backdrop, the present study has been undertaken to assess the physiological strain in male food crop cultivators (age range 24-36 years) occupationally engaged in reaping tasks during food crop cultivation. Physical and physiological parameters are also recorded. Indicators of thermal environmental condition i.e. dry bulb temperature, and wet bulb temperature are also recorded during the working time. Results of the present study indicated unfavourable working environmental condition making the task more arduous for the human resources engaged in reaping task during ‘Boro’ type of paddy cultivation time as indicated from the indices of physiological strain.

This paper considers the results of complex glaciological and hydro meteorological observations in the basin of Chon Kyzyl Suu river for the period of 2013–2017; the analysis of flow formation from the Kara Batkak glacier was carried out. The main and minor factors of ice and snow ablation of Kara Batkak glacier are shown. The analysis of the main climatic parameters (air temperature and precipitation), which are changing in concordance with global warming, has been carried out. In the last 70 years the area of the Kara Batkak glacier has decreased by 21.8%, showing a pronounced trend of diminishing the area of this glacier, which is a consequence of global warming. It is established that the trend of increasing ablation over the entire observation period on the Kara Batkak glacier is associated with an increase in air temperatures over the last few decades. There is a good synchronization of annual trends of rise in air temperature at the three meteo stations for the period from 1961 to 2015 with a maximum of 7.0 °C at Kara-Batkak. This suggests that the same trend happens in all the regions of Teskey Ala Too, which in recent years, increase the trend of daily melting of ice. The mass balance in these basins over 60 years is negative due to rise in temperature and add to river runoff due to degradation and the reduction in the area of its glaciation confirmed the water-ice balance of mountain-glacial basins of the “continental” type glaciers. The close connection between the changes in climatic parameters, state of glaciations and glacial runoff in these river basin were established in this study.

The spatial and temporal distribution of δ18O and δD measurements of precipitation and groundwater were used to identify the recharge areas of groundwater/springs in a mountainous catchment of the western Himalaya. The δ18O and δD of precipitation showed marked spatial and seasonal variability with δ18O and δD varied from 0.1‰ to –13.0‰ and 1‰ to –74‰ with an average of –6‰ and –38‰, respectively. δ18O and δD of precipitation is strongly influenced by the basin relief and meteorology. The mean altitude gradient of –0.15‰ and –1.16‰ per 100 m change in elevation for δ18O and δD, respectively, was observed based on amount weighted mean precipitation isotopic values. The δ18O and δD in groundwater showed a narrow spatial and temporal variation in comparison to precipitation and varied from –6.8 ‰ to –10 ‰ and –58‰ to –38‰, with an average of –8‰ and –46‰, respectively. The most depleted (in heavier isotopes) isotopic values were observed in karst springs and most enriched (in heavier isotopes) isotopic values were observed in shallow groundwater samples. The results suggest that the groundwater with most depleted isotopic values have recharge areas at higher altitudes, whereas the groundwater with less depleted isotopic values have recharge areas at lower elevations. The climate change has shown the reduced snowfall and annual discharge in perennial karst springs i.e. 40-70%, besides seasonal springs dried up in recent years.

Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth’s climate system to rise the average global surface temperature, thus responsible for warming the globe. Black carbon (BC) is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties. These assessments provide a n evaluation of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption, ice clouds and accumulation of snow/ice over the Himalayan glaciers. Any changes in the total radiative forcing would lead to drastic changes in the impact of BC aerosols over the glaciers and affect downstream flows of melt water streams emanating from glaciers as well as micro-climatic condition of the terrain.

The central regions of Vietnam often receive heavy rainfall by tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific. A tropical cyclone with strong winds inflicts direct damage to infrastructure, causing losses to both the economy and human life. Heavy rains from a tropical cyclone also cause substantial destr uction. Furthermore, because of global warming, the intensity of rainfall is expected to increase in the future. In this study, a record of heavy rainfall event in the central region of Vietnam from Tropical Cyclone Lekima, which hit Vietnam in 2007, was simulated by a Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF), using an ensemble simulation method. Rainfall variability in future climate scenarios was investigated using numerical simulations based on pseudo global warming (PGW) conditions, constructed using third-phase results of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project multi-model global warming experiments. Under certain future climate scenarios, the intensity of rainfall from Tropical Cyclone Lekima would have been heavier than in the present climate. The simulation results show that maximum six-hourly and total precipitation would increase significantly in the future. The spatial distribution of heavy rain from Tropical Cyclone Lekima would tend to shift from North to Southwest Vietnam. Simulation results suggest that global warming may correlate with a significant increase in rainfall.

A study has been carried out to analyze the annual and seasonal spatial patterns of trends in mean maximum temperature (MMAX), mean minimum temperature (MMIN) and diurnal temperature range (DTR = MMAX-MMIN) in India during 1961-2010. Additionally, we analyzed the spatial dependence of DTR trends on the low cloud cover (LCC) and number of rainy days (NRD). The study has revealed uneven changes in DTR across regions and time of the year in India. All India averaged annual MMAX and MMIN are increasing at the rate of 0.05 °C/decade but there is no trend in annual DTR. Seasonal averaged MMAX and MMIN are increasing for all seasons except MMIN in monsoon. But country averaged seasonal DTR is decreasing for winter and post monsoon mainly due to higher increases in MMIN or lesser decreases in MMAX, increasing for monsoon mainly due to higher increases in MMAX or lesser decreases in MMIN and showing no trend for summer during the period of study. Spatially, both MMAX and MMIN have increased all over India with the exception of northeastern region. However, DTR trends show a distinct contrast between northern and southern half of India. The amplitude of increase of MMIN compared to MMAX is high over north causing significant decrease in DTR. However, the amplitude of increase in MMAX compared to MMIN is high enough to cause significant increase in DTR in southern half of India. Stations in Western Himalayas show significant increase in DTR in all seasons except monsoon. MMAX trends in the Indo-Gangetic plains are significantly decreasing. The correlation analysis reveals that LCC and NRD are responsible for explaining much of the variance in DTR over India during the study period. Furthermore, local factors like land-use change, deforestation, urbanization, anthropogenic aerosols may also have contributed to the overall trends in DTR.