Analysis of breast cancer radiation dose distribution using bolus density in radiotherapy planning of the Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) technique has been conducted. This research aims to analyze radiation dose distribution in breast cancer patients using bolus density in radiotherapy planning of the 3DCRT technique. Five images of breast cancer patients were processed using TPS Eclipse software. The bolus density values used were a mixture of beeswax and petroleum jelly, playdough, silicone rubber, and 3D Polylactic Acid. CI and HI values were calculated based on the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measures (ICRU) Reports 62 and 83. Radiation dose in OAR was verified based on the Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effect in the Clinic (QUANTEC) standard. The results showed that all four bolus densities can be used in breast cancer patients, with CI values the CI value ranges from 0.93 to 0.98 by ICRU Report 62 standards and HI values close to ICRU Report 83 standards. In cardiac OAR, one patient exceeded the QUANTEC standard, while for lung OAR, all patients were below the QUANTEC standard. Using bolus density provides optimal radiation dose distribution on breast cancer targets.

This study investigates the synthesis via solid state reaction and characterization of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) as a solid electrolyte doped with Al₂O₃ using a one-step heat treatment (sintering at 900°C for 4 hours). Samples were prepared with doping variations; pure LLZO (0Al-LLZO), 0.25Al-LLZO, and 0.5Al-LLZO, based on the formula with x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5, and were mixed using ball milling for 4 hours at 25 Hz. XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a dominant tetragonal Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ phase alongside minor secondary phases. Grain sizes ranged from 1.2 to 1.3 µm, and densification improved with increasing Al content. The 0.25Al-LLZO sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 2.83 × 10⁻⁹ S/cm at room temperature, representing a 2.96-fold increase over undoped LLZO. These results indicate that Al doping significantly enhances structural stability and Li-ion transport in LLZO electrolytes processed at moderate temperatures.

Rainfall estimation can be performed using various methods, including direct satellite observations (RR-Satellite). However, these estimates show discrepancies when compared to actual observations in-situ rain gauges (RR-Obs). To address this challenge, one potential solution is integrating RR-Satellite with RR-Obs. The Kriging with External Drift (KED) interpolation method is a blending technique that incorporates RR-Satellite as external drift. This study utilized four satellite dataset, namely CHIRP, CMORPH, GSMAP_V8, and IMERG as auxiliary information to generate monthly rainfall estimates (RR-Blended) at 26 rain gauges in Ngawi, East Java, for the period 2001 - 2023. The performance of each satellite dataset was evaluated using Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV). The results indicated that RR-Blended using CHIRP (bCHIRP) demonstrated the best accuracy at the climatological scale, with KGE > 0.3 and TSS > 0.65, outperforming other satellite dataset. At the monthly scale, bCHIRP, bCMORPH, and bIMERG showed better performance in different months throughout the year. In terms of spatial accuracy, bCMORPH achieved the highest performance. Our findings suggest that each satellite offers unique advantages based on the time and location of observation. Therefore, we recommend using a weighted combination of RR-Blended from four satellites as the most effective approach for obtaining the best rainfall estimates.

Landslides are a significant hazard in mountainous regions, especially when influenced by construction activities such as tunnel excavation. In this paper, we aim to conduct a slope stability analysis as a result of tunnel blasts using quasi-3D subsurface models based on resistivity values. The study site is a construction area for the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Train tunnel, located in a mountainous region undergoing drill-and-blast excavation. This excavation method makes the area susceptible to landslides, which pose a threat to settlements in the Padalarang subdistrict, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Data was collected along four lines in 2D, and the dipole-dipole array was used to enhance resolution. Data modeling was carried out using ResIPy v3.2.3 software to create 2D and quasi-3D subsurface models based on resistivity values. The study findings indicate that the study area exhibits three resistivity ranges: low resistivity (0-30 Ωm), medium resistivity (31-49 Ωm), and high resistivity (>50 Ωm). Utilizing quasi-3D imaging, we were able to identify the dimensions and presence of slip surfaces, which can be categorized as shallow (1.5-5 m) and deep (5-20 m) criteria. This study successfully applied the quasi-3D geoelectrical approach in a susceptible environment to detect potential landslide zones.

We investigate rainfall variability in Indonesia using the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method. The analysis starts by taking three main modes of EOF results, namely EOF1, EOF2, and EOF3. The EOF1 region is southern Indonesia, from southern Sumatra to Timor Island, parts of Kalimantan, parts of Sulawesi, and parts of Irian Jaya. The EOF2 region is located in northwestern Indonesia and includes the northern part of Sumatra and the northwestern part of Kalimantan. The EOF3 region covers Maluku. This study aims to analyze the annual and inter-annual variability of rainfall in anticipation of the threat of hydrometeorological disasters. Based on the correlation value of the principal component (PC) with the dipole mode index (DMI) and Niño3.4 index, it has a period similar to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Rainfall in Indonesia is very sensitive to sea surface temperature (SST) in the southeastern Indian Ocean and the central Pacific Ocean, which means that rainfall patterns in Indonesia can change significantly if SST in the region changes.

We observed the effect of the La Niña phenomenon on the concentration of water vapor and ozone in the Indonesian region. This aims to the value of water vapor and ozone concentrations due to the La Niña phenomenon using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data from 2004-2022. The La Niña phenomenon was chosen because during La Niña, the sea surface temperature in Indonesia is warmer than normal, thus increasing the evaporation of sea water which result is an increase in the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere. Concentration values are observed at altitudes of (25.7;30.5;35.3;40.1) km because there are trends in water vapor and ozone concentrations at these altitudes. The La Niña phenomenon is used to see anomalies in water vapor and ozone concentrations from their normal state. La Niña phenomenon is observed based on the ONI index. We found that during La Niña, the water vapor concentration increased from its normal state while the ozone concentration decreased from its normal state. These two concentration values were used to find trends using Mann Kendall and Sen's Slope methods. We found that the trend of water vapor concentration is statistically significant while the trend of ozone concentration is the opposite.

This study uses the gravity method to assess the characteristics of the Manna segment fault, a part of the Sumatran fault. This research aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by providing additional insights into the fault's characteristics, which is essential for future disaster mitigation efforts. The Manna segment fault is geographically situated between coordinates 4.4⁰S - 3.9⁰ S and 102.7⁰ E – 103.2⁰ E, making this area prone to earthquake hazards. The gravity anomaly data, including free air and topography, were collected from 62,501 data points. The Simple Bouguer Anomaly (SBA) values obtained ranged from 25 mGal to 95 mGal. By utilizing the Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) method and dividing the study area into three regions with multiple sections, the analysis revealed that the minimum and maximum SVD values were relatively similar. This suggests that the Manna fault can be classified as a strike-slip fault, with SVD values ranging from Elkins-20 mGal to 6 mGal. The study identified branches of the main fault in regions 2 and 3 based on the SVD map. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the Manna segment fault, providing valuable insights into its characteristics and contributing to future disaster mitigation efforts.

Carbon Dots (CDs) were synthesized using laser ablation by focusing the laser beam on carbon (Tea) material in colloid (CH3) for 3 hours. UV-Vis spectroscopic and fluorometric characterization showed absorption of the wavelength peaks caused by the control treatment and after laser ablation and coating using Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG400). The excitation and emission energies are formulations of CDs absorbance wavelength and fluorescence intensity. The absorbance coefficient is obtained based on the absorbance value of the cuvette thickness. The transmittance value (T) is obtained based on the absorption coefficient multiplied by 100%. CD fluorescence wavelength based on control parameters was 489 nm. After laser ablation was 496 nm, and after coating was 511 nm. CDs morphology and size characteristics are 4 nm to 10 nm based on TEM measurements. Fluorescence analysis for bioimaging applications on the luminescence intensity value of internalized blue CDs in zebrafish eye organs. The average intensity of CDs in the eye organs, gill, intestinal, dorsal, and tail injection points was 88.15 %, 91.58 %, 92.76 %, and 0.00 %.

Steel surface coating has been carried out using the immersion method in an inhibitor of cacao (Theobroma cacao) peel extract for 24, 72, 120, and 168 hours. The corrosion treatment was performed using HCl with different immersion time of 48, 96, and 144 hours after coating process with the inhibitor. Corrosion testing with the weight loss method gave the best results with the lowest corrosion rate of 0.2972 mg.cm2/hour and inhibition efficiency of 74.7128% for steel samples with the longest immersion time in inhibitor. Optical microscopy and SEM images indicated that the longer the immersion time in the inhibitor, the better (i.e., fewer holes and cracks) the surface morphology of the steel. The appearance of four sharp peaks in the XRD diffractogram indicated that the samples with the lowest corrosion rate produced Fe and C crystalline phases due to the reaction between the steel surface and the inhibitor. A quantum chemical analysis using the DFT (Density Functional Theory) method also produced a fairly high inhibition efficiency and was close to the experimental results of 80.2098%.

The supercapacitor electrode has been synthesized using activated carbon from cocoa pods. Activated carbon was prepared by first drying the raw materials under the sunlight and followed by oven drying, pre-carbonization, milling, sieving, and chemical activation with 0.3 M and 0.4 M KOH solution. After chemical activation, the activated carbon was printed into pellet form, carbonized at a temperature of 600 °C, followed by physical activation at a temperature of 700 °C for four hours before polishing. We found that the optimum conditions are 700 °C and 0.4 M. The density of the obtained carbon electrode is 0.810 g/cm3. The SEM micrographs show the formation of pores with a diameter of 0.44 μm and 0.98 μm. The carbon content in the electrode sample measured using electron dispersive spectroscopy is 91.49%. The XRD data shows that the carbon electrode is amorphous with a diffraction angle (2θ) at 23.569° and 44.781°. The optimum specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is 140.2 F/g obtained for the sample activated for 2.5 hours.