Recent Progress in Rationally Engineered Core-Shell Structures of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Luminescence-Enhanced and Versatile Imaging
Abstract Near-infrared (NIR)-excited lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with core-shell structures present an intriguing system because of their exceptional luminescent properties and wide range of imaging applications. In this review, we establish a nanostructure-engineering framework that systematically correlates luminescence modulation with imaging uses for NIR-excited lanthanide-doped UCNPs by linking surface defect passivation, energy migration optimization, and interface engineering optimization to specific optical outcomes, such as enhanced quantum yield, tunable multicolor emission, and photostability. These luminescence modulation strategies enable core-shell nanostructures to overcome the limitations of single-component materials. They support trace substance detection, high-security optical information encryption, biomedical detection and imaging-guided therapy, as well as the development of durable wearable devices. Additionally, we summarize their emerging imaging technologies, such as full-color displays and super-resolution imaging. Finally, we identify key challenges in this field, such as synthesis complexity, biocompatibility, and stability in complex environments, and propose potential solutions. We expect that NIR-excited UCNPs with core-shell structures will drive innovation in versatile imaging technologies.
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