Introduction:Formative Assessment is integral to medical education, serving the purpose of enhancing learning efficacy, providing feedback to students and faculty, and refining teaching methodologies for student advancement and academic progression.This study was therefore designed with the aim of investigating formative assessment and its impact on the education of students. Materials and Methods:This study was a scoping review are based on Arksey and O'Malley's framework.

Introduction: Critical thinking is one of the most key skills needed by an outstanding student, which can lead to beneficial results by influencing the learning process.Measuring the state of critical thinking among students and searching for the relationship of this variable with factors such as learning styles can be a guide for policymakers and educational managers in designing and revising educational strategies.Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between critical thinking and learning styles. Materials and Methods:The current study was a cross sectional research which conducted in 2023.The participants were 110 first-year students who studying at Ilam University of Medical Sciences in the fields of health, nursing and midwifery, medical emergencies and allied health professions.The data were collected using VARK learning styles questionnaire and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test Questionnaire Form B. Statistical tests included independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) which imported to SPSS V.21 at the level of significance less than 0.05. Results:The average critical thinking score of the participants was 8.55.More than half of the studied students had two or more learning styles.There is a statistically significant relationship between singlestyle and multi-style modes of VARK learning and evaluation skills (p=0.034) and inductive reasoning (p=0.009) of critical thinking. Conclusion:It is necessary to strengthen the skills related to reasoning and critical thinking among students of medical sciences with a longitudinal theme approach, both in the form of official curriculum and in the form of short-term training courses.

Introduction:Due to the chronic nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its potential to induce stress and depression, exploring interventions like cognitive self-compassion training to improve mental well-being in this population is crucial.This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive selfcompassion training on perceived stress and depression in patients with T2DM. Materials & Methods:The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group.The statistical population of this study included all patients with T2DM employed in the education sector of Mashhad in 2023.Thus, a sample of 24 (12 per group) was selected using the convenience sampling method and considering the study's inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups.The participants completed the Perceived Stress and Depression Beck questionnaires in the pretest and posttest stages, and the experimental group underwent cognitive self-compassion training for ten 90-minute sessions.Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance.Statistical significance was set at the level of 0.05. Results:The mean age of all participants was 34.91 (SD = 4.61) years.No significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups prior to the intervention.However, the findings indicated a significant reduction in both perceived stress and depression scores in the post-intervention period for the cognitive self-compassion training group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion:Cognitive self-compassion training effectively reduced perceived stress and depression in patients with T2DM, suggesting it as a valuable tool for improving psychological well-being and overall quality of life.

Introduction:Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory infectious disease caused by a strain of the coronavirus family.Vaccination is one of the main ways to control this disease.This study was conducted to investigate the severity of pulmonary involvement and some clinical outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods:This retrospective study was conducted between December 2021 and May 2022 with 200 patients in two groups.Sampling was done as available, and patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital were investigated.Data analysis was performed using SPSS V.16, applying Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were used at a 5% significance level. Results:The average age of the studied patients was 59.2 (17) years; the most common pattern of lung involvement in this study was the GGO pattern.According to the report in the documents, 45 people in the vaccinated group and 9 people in the unvaccinated group did not have any lung involvement in CT, and the observed difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001).In the oxygen saturation percentage, the lowest level (75%) was observed in the unvaccinated group.Also, the difference in average hospitalization days between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.050). Conclusion:The results of this study showed that the COVID-19 vaccine can effectively reduce the extent and severity of lung involvement and the need for supplemental oxygen in vaccinated patients.

Diabetic patients are more susceptible to cutaneous fungal infections. Cutaneous lesions and Foot infections are a frequent complication of patients with diabetes mellitus, accounting for up to 20% of diabetes-related hospital admissions. Foot ulcers and other foot problems are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people with Diabetes mellitus. The higher blood sugar levels cause increasing the cutaneous fungal infections in these patients. More than 75% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at risk for diabetic ulcers. About 15% of foot ulcers in diabetic patients lead to amputations. Although every 30 seconds one leg is amputated in the world due to DM, 80% of these cases are preventable. Poor controlled had significantly higher fungal infection in diabetic foot ulcers and require careful attention and management. The findings of various studies indicate that the prevalence of fungal infections in patients with diabetic foot ulcers is increasing and there are many drug resistance issues reported in this area, therefore more attention is important in diabetic centers about this neglected issue.

Introduction: Regarding emerging tick resistance against acaricides, researches have been shifted toward alternative approaches such as immunologic methods. Vaccine preparation is an alternative way in which choosing appropriate protein with high immune induction potency is a prerequisite. In addition according to studies, using more than one protein could better enhance the immune induction and antibody production. Choosing immunogenic epitopes from selected proteins and adjoining them with a suitable linker is one of the novel approaches in vaccine design. Materials and methods: Based on the fact that both cathepsin and tropomyosin proteins of Rhipicephalus tick were previously recognized as potent immunogenic antigens, we predicted the immunogenic epitopes of these proteins by immunoinformatic methods. Among studied epitopes, those that were met by multiple bioinformatics tools were used. Results: Finally, the polytopic construction was designed by assembling the selected epitopes and connecting them with linkers. Conclusion: Using immunoinformatic tools, we predicted the characteristics of two genes of Rhipicephalus annulatus tick larva as fused potent vaccine candidates namely, cathepsin and tropomyosin.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most common tumor among women. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are common treatments, however high stage tumors have frequently poor prognosis. Nowadays, the epigenetic reversion introduced as an efficient strategy of treatment of cervical cancer. In the process, inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) induce re-expression of tumor suppressor genes. Among these inhibitors, disulfiram (DSF) has been suggested as non-nucleoside analogous. In this research, we evaluated the epigenetic effect of DSF on demethylation of the tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A, in Hela cell line. Materials and methods: Hela cells were cultured and treated with different doses from 2.5 to 37.5µM during 24, 48 and 72 hours. MTT assay was carried out to find half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The methylation specific PCR (MSP) assay was applied to evaluate methylation pattern. Results: The IC50 of DSF was determined at the 2.5, 12.5, and 15µM after72 hours. The MSP results showed partial demethylation at mentioned concentrations after 72h but unmethylated band was not observed after 24h. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that, IC50 of DSF exerted a biphasic effect in Hela cell line and at least 72 hours treatment is needed for the epigenetic reversion of DSF on RASSF1Ain Hela cell line.

Introduction: Despite the importance of thyroid hormones in reproduction, there are only a few studies that focus on male infertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate semen parameters in patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Materials and methods: Totally, 28 patients with thyroid disorders were evaluated for the semen parameters. Serum TSH and T4 concentrations were measured by ELISA. Complete semen analyses were performed based on WHO. Results: Pathozoospermia was seen in 32.14% of our patients. Two hyperthyroid patients and seven hypothyroid patients suffered sperm defects. None of pathozoospermia patients showed an alone sperm defects. Sperm multiple anomalies were our main findings. Conclusion: It seems that sperm characterizes strongly were affected. Although, we have a limited sample size, but sperm multiple abnormalities made our interest findings.

Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and aerobic exercise on the attitude of postmenopausal women to menopause Parvaneh Asgari, Fatemeh Bahramnezhad *, Mohammad Golitaleb, Fatemeh Salehi, Razieh Mokhtari, Fatemeh Rafiei phd candidate Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , bahramnezhad@razi.tums.ac.ir Abstract: Introduction: Menopause is associated with complications that can affect women's attitudes. Women's attitudes toward menopause can help to improve their performance and reduce the severity of its complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) plant and exercise on the attitude of menopausal women. Materials and methods: This clinical experimental fourth group was conducted between October and March 2015 in Arak, Iran. 120 menopausal women were randomly selected and divided into four groups each containing 30 women. The first group had three G. glabra tablets daily for one month, the second group had a regular exercise program three times a week for 30-45 minutes for one month and the third group simultaneously took G. glabra like Group1 and followed exercise programs like Group 2 and the fourth group received no intervention. Before and one month after the intervention attitudes of women were compared with a researcher-made questionnaire. ANOVA, Chi-square and Paired t tests were used to analysis the data. Results: The results showed no significant difference between four groups in demographic characteristic. ANOVA results showed no significant difference between four groups in the attitude score of women before the intervention (P=0.937), but after the intervention there were significant differences between the groups (P=0.0001). Conclusion: According to the results, G. glabra consumption and exercise program were effective in controlling the symptoms of menopause attitude of menopausal woman. Therefore, it may proposed as one of the main strategies for health and education interventions. Keywords: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Exercise, Attitude, Menopause