Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease that is dangerous to humans, the cause is a group of nematodes that are associated with the genus Trichinella. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of rocket seed extracts (RSE) on the experimental Trichinellosis-induced damage to the tissue and DNA in the rat's tongue. The current investigation was conducted on 40 male albino rats that were divided into four groups (G1, control; G2, RSE; G3, 35DPI or infected group in which rats were confronted with 1000 larvae of trichinella spiralis; G4, the treated infected group with RSE for a week). The current results showed that; over 97% of the larvae were located in skeletal muscles, and about 2.5% were located in both the diaphragm and the tongue. However, only about 0.5% were located in cardiac muscles. The treatments with 35DIP were significantly less effective than the treatments with 35DPI in reducing the mean number of Trichinella spiralis (78.5± 4.8 versus 291.0 ± 8.5). The muscles of the tongue in 35DPI exhibited severe tissue damage with widespread degenerative changes in the fibers of the muscle along with a large number of T. spiralis larvae encysted in the muscle. Each larva was lacking a shell and exhibited inflammation-causing cellular infiltration, widespread hemorrhage, and muscular fibrosis. Tongue section in 5WPI treated with RSE revealed a reduced number of non-encapsulated encysted larvae with mild fibrosis, inflammatory cellular infiltration, and reduction in DNA damage.

The study assessed the community's knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning solid waste management. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study design was carried out to randomly select (330) heads of household citizens from Nineveh governorate – Iraq from the 2nd of July to the 29th of December 2022. The instrument used in the study was developed after reviewing many related pieces of literature, it is composed of three domains "Knowledge= 16 items Attitude= 29 nines, and Practices= 9 items". The instrument was exposed to five experts in the community health nursing field to assess its validity while it was applied to ten participants to measure its reliability "r= 0.79". The interview method depended on collecting data from the participants. High percentages of participants possessed low levels of knowledge (40%), negative attitudes (45.8%), and poor practices (49.7%) regarding MSW, and there were significantly positive linear relationships among all aspects of MSW. The community awareness (as knowledge, attitude, and practices) concerning SWM is not satisfied. Educating the community and increasing its awareness toward solid waste management by using all audio-visual means in a simplified manner that is suitable for all socio-economic groups and concentrates more and profoundly on changing society's attitudes towards solid waste management.

This study revealed the presence of several fungal species, some of which are saprophytic, and others are pathogenic, in addition to the presence of fungi used in biocontrol in soil samples collected from six different regions of Anbar province. The identified fungal genera include Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium, Fusarium spp., Rhodotorula, Rhizopus, Candida spp., and Aspergillus flavus. Confirmation of the diagnosis of the pathogen of the housefly (Musca domestica) using PCR technique indicated the presence of different genera of fungi at various concentrations, with the highest frequency observed for Aspergillus flavus (78.2%) and the lowest frequency for Trichoderma harzianum (6.5%). Among the isolated fungi, pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Metarhizium anisopliae and Trichoderma harzianum were identified. Molecular diagnosis of the two pathogenic fungi was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, and the purity of the isolates ranged between 1.69 and 1.94, with concentrations ranging from 34.03 to 52.10 ng/ml. The newly isolated strains were deposited in the NCBI Gene Bank under the researchers' names.

Background: Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina, as a result of diabetes-related effects diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a noteworthy complication of diabetes. Objective: Studying the effect of the duration of type 2 diabetes on some biochemical parameters in the blood and their relationship to the extent of chronic complications such as retinopathy. Methods: 131 Individuals of both sexes, aged between 41 and 78 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The number of T2DM with retinopathy was (68) including (36) females and (32) males, while T2DM without retinopathy was (63) including (28) females and (35) males. Certain biomarkers were evaluated such as HbA1C, Creatinine, fasting serum glucose (FSG), Cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Statistical analysis was conducted using a t-test to compare two parameters in the same group or between the studied groups. Results: The findings indicate significant correlations among different biomarkers in the studied groups DR and DM, also (P value) and Pearson correlation (r) values show a relationship between biomarkers and retinopathy complications. Conclusions: There are notable correlations between creatinine levels and the duration of the disease in both the studied groups DR and DM, also there are highly significant correlations observed between HbA1C levels, creatinine, and the duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) without retinopathy, and this may be considered as a risk factor for the occurrence of retinopathy complication in a long duration of diabetes mellitus disease.

Bats play an important role in ecosystem function, serving as a biocontrol agent of insects and pollination in plants, hence the need to understand the factors affecting their health and performance. Infestation of fungi has been identified as a potential threat to populations of mammals, especially bats, yet their specific effects on wing morphology and flight behavior remain understudied. In this study, swabs of Pipistrellus pipistrellus bat wings were taken from bat carers around the United Kingdom. For identification, samples were exposed to conventional PCR using fungal-specific primers to amplify the ribosomal DNA's internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The wind morphometric parameters such as wing angles (maximum, minimum, mean, and amplitude) and wing frequency were determined for both wings with fungi infestation and without fungi infestation. A rain cloud distribution plot with a box plot was used to determine the distribution of flight parameters of the wings. A principal component analysis biplot was used to determine the relationship between the flight parameters in terms of wings with infestation by fungi and without infestation. The findings in this study are important to bat biology, ecology, and conservation and give insights into the need for wildlife management and conservation, ultimately contributing to the ongoing efforts to preserve bat populations and support ecological balance in diverse ecosystems.

Patient safety is one of the vital disciplines in the medical field, in addition to that, the healthcare workers' safety and protection are also critical, preventing the dissemination and transmission of infectious diseases such as bacterial infections of Staphylococci, Streptococci, Mycobacterium spp, and other viruses such as Hepatitis B virus, is a critical thing that must be implemented in all healthcare settings, and dental settings specifically, so, achieving many methods to prevent infections and contamination from occurrence and dissemination is so crucial nowadays specifically with the spread of COVID-19 viral infections, several approaches such as Personal Protective Equipment, sterilization, disinfection, and immunization were done to prevent infections and keep patients and healthcare workers, such as dentists, health good. This review discusses the mean infection control approaches from healthcare professionals and dental settings as well as the ways to protect dentists and patients from any infectious diseases in the healthcare dental settings in an effective way.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) frequently affect the urinary system, predominantly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study examines the prevalence of these bacteria and bla OXA-48 and bla IMP genes. Objectives: The research aims to assess the occurrence of MDR and XDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae in pediatric UTI cases, including the resistance genes bla OXA-48 and bla IMP. Methods: A total of 100 pediatric UTI urine samples were analyzed for antibiotic resistance, ESBL detection, and bla OXA-48 and bla IMP gene presence using molecular techniques, gene sequencing, and statistical analysis via SPSS software. Results: High resistance rates to common antibiotics were found in K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates. bla OXA-48 was detected in 92.3% of E. coli and 100% of K. pneumoniae isolates, while bla IMP was found in 43.1% of E. coli and 25.7% of K. pneumoniae isolates. No nucleic acid variation was observed in the blaIMP-1 sequences of both bacteria. The significant presence of bla OXA-48 and bla IMP genes in K. pneumoniae and E. coli highlights the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and careful antibiotic use to curb antibiotic-resistant UTIs in children.

Chemotherapeutic agents are in use for cancer, however, these agents showed severe side effects on vital organs upon treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the combinatorial treatment with Kaempferol (Kpf) and β-sitosterol (Bs) in hematological parameters and lipid profile alterations induced by cisplatin (Cis) toxicity in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (N = 12). The first group (Gp1) served as a negative control. From Gp2 to Gp5, rats were fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, then Gp2 was injected with a single dose of Cis (7mg/kg B.Wt). Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5 were injected with Cis as in Gp2, then administered with Kpf (50mg/Kg B.Wt), Bs (50mg/Kg B.Wt) or Kpf /Bs as in Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5, respectively. Blood samples were collected in heparinized and non-heparinized tubes for hematological and lipid profile investigations. The results showed that Cis treatment led to a significant decrease in the cellular compartments of blood and increased the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Cis treatment also caused an increase in the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), atherogenic index (Risk 1), lipoprotein (a), and decrease the high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). The treatment with a combination of Kpf/Bs after Cis ameliorated the above-mentioned hematological and lipid profile alterations.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by tissue resistance to insulin action. Leiurus quinquestriatus venom (LQV) contains a variety of bioactive components that can be used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to determine the ameliorative role of LQV on the histopathological changes in splenic tissues of T2-DM rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) as follows; Gp1 (Control group) was fed on a normal balanced diet. Gp2 (Diabetic group) was fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and then injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) i.p. Diabetic Gp3 and Gp4 groups had been injected with metformin (Met) (150 mg/kg) or LQV (1/10 of LD50), respectively. After two months of treatment, the total body weight relative splenic weight changes, and blood glucose. Also, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations (CD-3 immunoreactive antibody) in splenic tissues were examined. The results showed that induction of T2-DM in rats led to a significant decrease in the total body weight (-38.56%), relative spleen weight (0.23 ± 0.03), and increase in the level of blood glucose (382.56 ± 2.77 mg/dL). In addition, several histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were observed in splenic diabetic tissues. The treatment of T2-DM rats with LQV led to an improvement in the total body weight of rats (4.07%), relative spleen weight (0.40 ± 0.02), decrease in the blood glucose levels (115.47 ± 1.07 mg/dL), ameliorated the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes occurred in splenic tissues of T2-DM rats.

Background: learning obstacles describe problems that hinder learning and lead to learning deficits.Additionally, clinical education is an essential part of the nursing education program; Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess obstacles in the learning process among nursing students in the Faculty of Nursing at Helwan University.Research Design: A descriptive correlation design was utilized.Setting: This study was conducted at the