Attempts to fulfil the contemporary needs mainly on strengthening eco-friendly responsibilities are in line with the strategic role of expanding committed awareness of sustaining the healthy community. This initiative should bring along with enhancing the duties on how educational institution can manage its role in the balance between human being and natural resources. As such, the innovative learning culture in enabling the school approach in empowering sustainability should be taken into consideration in strengthening multi-task for sustainable communities. This paper aims to examine the eco-friendly responsibilities to enhance the healthy community through cross reviewing Indonesian field school model. With the critical review of literature from referred journals, books, and conferences, the theoretical framework model with a guideline will be offered to assist in the innovative learning culture to strengthen its play in bringing environmental and social responsibilities in line with sustainability goal achievement program.

African economies, through Agenda 2063, recognize that developing infrastructure – transport, electricity, energy, water, and e-connectivity – will be critical for the region to assume a lasting place in the global economic system. As a result, this paper addresses the continent’s infrastructure gap and provides an important insight into the rapidly growing presence of China’s official infrastructure financing in Africa as well as the distinctive character of its involvement. In addition, the paper provides an empirical evaluation of the role of infrastructure in awakening African economies. The generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimator for dynamic models of panel data developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), and Arellano and Bover (1995) was employed to estimate an infrastructure-increased growth model.

ABSTRACTIn society, women generally play the roles of mothers and employees, and those roles are partly substitute to each other; therefore, the contributions of women to the labour market should be considered. This paper applied the widely observed parental preference for children’s sex as an instrumental variable for the number of children in Taiwan and examined the causal effect of childbearing on female labour supply. Ordinary least square estimates revealed that childbearing is associated with reduced female labour supply. However, after using the sex of first and second children as instruments to account for the endogeneity of the number of children, two-stage least square estimates revealed no correlation between the number of children and female labour supply.

ABSTRACTChina is approaching towards a new phase of economic development which is frequently termed as the “new normal”. The paper aims to interpret China’s “new normal” from the New Institutional Economics and Marxian viewpoints. The former school is primarily concerned with the “supply-side” driver of increasing economic output and efficiency. It advocates for free and open markets for ideas to sustain China’s economic growth or advance itself into a global centre of technological innovation or scientific discovery. The Marxian view, on the other hand, shares the concern of “demand-side” driver of increasing economic output. Also, it calls for the shift from consumption-led to investment-led strategy while maintaining an egalitarian pattern of income distribution for successful transition. The paper argues that China is gradually advancing its capacity for innovation facilitated by in-house and foreign investments. However, the growing income inequality may pose a threat to its soft landing.

ABSTRACTThe study tests the validity of industrialization for achieving economic growth in Turkey and in six European Union (EU) countries, using the data available. Six EU member countries are chosen: Austria, Finland, France, Netherlands, Romania, and Sweden. Turkey is a different case compared with the EU member countries: Turkey is a candidate country for full membership to the EU and membership negotiations are ongoing. In addition to cultural, political and economic aspects, there are other differences between Turkey and the six EU member countries. Industrial developments in Turkey have moved relatively slowly due to the economic and political factors created by internal terrorism and conflict in neighbouring countries. As a result of the analysis, it could be said that industrial value added exerts statistically positive and significant long-term effects on real output in all of the selected countries. However, this effect is lower for Turkey than for the European Union countries.

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the implications of political factors on provision of public goods by state governments in India. Using data on state governments’ expenditure and constituency results of states' Legislative Assembly elections during the period 1971–2005, it demonstrates that the greater the spread of ruling party's strength across legislative constituencies in a state, the higher the share of developmental expenditure in revenue budget. It also documents that the share of developmental expenditure in revenue budgets is positively associated with voter turnout and with a change in the political party in power. Interestingly, delivery of public goods in a state does not appear to have any significant relation to the form of the government – single party or coalition. It also shows that economic liberalization has reduced governments’ responsiveness to provision of public goods.

In developing countries, an effective civil service pay system may provide strong incentives for better public service and rein in corruption, whereas poor remuneration can fuel corruption and disc...

Abstract The ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) is the first of the free trade agreements signed by ASEAN with its major trade partners, and is generally considered a success. However, while liberalization of trade among ASEAN countries has historically not provoked any major issues, things went differently concerning the ACFTA, and complaints have been raised that the treaty allows China too many trade benefits. The purpose of this article is to evaluate, using trade gravity equations, if there is any evidence that the ACFTA has been responsible for the growing trade imbalance between China and Indonesia. The model has not produced any conclusive results about the negative effects on the ACFTA for Indonesia. Given the relevance of this treaty for the ongoing regional integration in Asia, however, the coming years will be crucial in determining the form of it among the existing options and the outcome now seems more uncertain than ever.