Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the cutting efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments K3, NiTi Tee, Profile, and Quantec with taper size 04/25.Materials and Methods:The number of samples was 10 for each group (n = 10). The cutting efficiency was measured by the mass loss from each acrylic resin block after instrumentation of a simulated canal using the Crown-down technique.Results:The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a statistically significant difference among the studied groups. The Tukey's test showed that the acrylic resin blocks prepared with instruments K3 (0.00369 ± 0.00022), NiTi Tee (0.00368 ± 0.00023), and Profile (0.00351 ± 0.00026) presented the greatest mass loss, showing no statistically significant difference among them (P < 0.05). The lowest mass loss was found in the blocks prepared with Quantec instruments (0.00311 ± 0.0003) (P < 0.05).Conclusions:It could be concluded that the K3, NiTi Tee, and Profile instruments presented a greater cutting efficiency than the Quantec instruments.

Aim:to evaluate and compares the healing clinically and radiographically following periapical surgery with and without using hydroxyapatite graules.Materials and Methods:Twenty patients were selected for the study & the nature of healing is compared with that of conventional periapical surgery. In the present clinical study chitra hydroxyapatite granules, a freeze-dried hydroxyapatite, is used to fill the osseous defects following periapical surgery. Following surgery all patients were assessed both clinically & radiographically for a period of nine months.Results:On clinical evaluation the test group did not show any significant immediate or delayed local tissue reactions. Radiographically in the follow up period of 6 – 9 months the bone graft became indistinguishable from the surrounding bone which indicates complete bone regeneration. Where as in the control group ever after 9 months the radiographs showed inadequate bone fills.Conclusion:The bone regeneration following periapical surgery can be facilitated by using bone graft. Hydroxyapatite is found to be very effective alloplastic material. Based on this study it might be concluded that in large bone destruction caused by periradicular lesion bone regeneration can be facilitated by effective bone replacing materials like hydroxyapatite.

This clinical case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of an external invasive cervical resorption. A 17-year-old female patient had a confirmed diagnosis of invasive cervical resorption class 4 by cone beam computerized tomography. Although, there was no communication with the root canal, the invasive resorption process was extending into the cervical and middle third of the root. The treatment of the cervical resorption of the lateral incisor interrupted the resorptive process and restored the damaged root surface and the dental functions without any esthetic sequelae. Both the radiographic examination and computed tomography are imperative to reveal the extent of the defect in the differential diagnosis.

Aims/Objectives:This in vitro study was designed to measure and compare the temperature rise in the pulp chamber with different light curing units.Materials and Methods:The study was done in two settings-in-vitro and in-vivo simulation. In in-vitro setting, 3mm and 6mm acrylic spacers with 4mm tip diameter thermocouple was used and six groups were formed according to the light curing source- 3 Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) units and 3 Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) units. For the LED units, three modes of curing like pulse-cure mode, fast mode and ramp mode were used. For in-vivo simulation, 12 caries free human third molar tooth with fused root were used. K-type thermocouple with 1 mm tip diameter was used. Occlusal cavity was prepared, etched, rinsed with water and blot dried; bonding agent was applied and incremental curing of composite was done. Thermal emission for each light curing agent was noted.Results:Temperature rise was very minimal in LED light cure units than in QTH light cure units in both the settings. Temperature rise was minimal at 6mm distance when compared to 3 mm distance. Among the various modes, fast mode produces the less temperature rise. Temperature rise in all the light curing units was well within the normal range of pulpal physiology.Conclusion:Temperature rise caused due to light curing units does not result in irreversible pulpal damage.

<b>Aim:</b> A Confocal Microscopic Evaluation of the hybrid layer and resin tag formation -of a total etch technique in comparison with self etching primers with three different ph.<br><b>Materials and Methods:</b> 20 non carious human premolars stored in normal saline were used for the study. Occlusal surfaces of all the teeth were ground using slow speed diamond disc with copious <i> water </i> supply, <i> so </i> as to expose a flat surface of dentin with an approximate residual dentin thickness of 1.5-2mm. The teeth were then randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 specimens each. Group 1: (Blot dry)­<i> Prime and Bond NT (Dentsply), </i> Group 2; Strong self etch adhesives usually have a ph of 1 or below {<i> Adper Prompt L- Pop (3M ESPP)}, Group 3; </i> Intermediary self etch adhesives have a ph of about 1.5 {<i> AdheSE (Vvadent)}, </i> Group 4; Mild self etch systems have a ph of about <i> 2- {Cleatfil SE bond plus primer (knraray)}. </i> Bonding agents mixed with Rodhamine B dye was applied according to the manufacture's instructions and cured using a light curing unit. All the bonded surfaces were restored with 2mm of resin composite Z 350 (3M) and cured for 40 seconds, to protect the bonding layer. All the specimens were stored in normal saline. After 24 hrs of storage the teeth were longitudinally sectioned using a slow speed diamond disc under copious water supply. The sectioned surface was polished' with a' 600 grit silicon carbide paper. The dentin/adhesive interfacial region was examined using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Statistical analysis was done to compare the values among the groups using Kruskal-Wallis One way ANOVA appropriately by testing the means.<br><b>Results:</b> Statistical analysis demonstrated that Mean length of resin tag formation and thickness of hybrid layer formation in Group I was maximum followed by Group IV; Group II and Group III respectively.<br><b> Conclusion: </b> Within the parameters of this study the Prime and Bond NT (Group 1) performed better than all the three self etching primers in terms of resin tag formation and hybrid layer thickness.

This review reveals the possibility of using the newest technology of cone beam CT for acquiring three-dimensional images of periapical lesions and, mandibular canal. It has a higher efficiency in X-ray use, inhent quickness in volumetric data aquisition, and potential for reducing the cost of CT. It requires only a single scan to capture the entire object with a cone of X-rays with reduced exposure time. The high quality and affordable cone beam CT is ideally suited for diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment monitoring in endodontics especially when surgical approach is chosen. Three dimensional anatomic and pathological observations improve the surgical performance.

Objective: The conventional methodology employed for measuring fluoride release from restorative materials is done by suspending a sample in a static media and measuring the fluoride release at designated time intervals. The main drawback of this methodology is that it does not make allowance for the dynamic system that exists in the oral cavity. Therefore a newer methodology which mimics the oral cavity by employing a continuous flow system to measure fluoride release was compared with that of the existing methodology. Methods: Twenty disc specimens were prepared using conventional glass ionomer cement (Fuji Il, GC Co., Tokyo. Japan) and divided into two groups of ten each. In the first group fluoride release was measured using standard methodology and in the second group fluoride release was measured using a continuous flow system. In the continuous flow system. deionised water is allowed to flow through an intravenous infusion apparatus at a constant rate of 30ml/ hr stimulating the salivary flow rate. A constant volume of medium (2ml) is maintained in the drip chamber where specimen is suspended for fluoride release representing maximum volume of' saliva before swallowing. Statistical analysis : Fluoride ion concentration from the standard and new methodology was compared using student's independent t-test. Results: Significantly low amounts of fluoride was released from the specimens measured using the new methodology at all time intervals.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two different concentrations of EDTA at two different pH values for lmin & 10 min applications respectively on root dentin. 54 human maxillary incisors instrumented to size 60 to apical foramen were sectioned at the middle third (8mm sections) longitudinally into two equal mesial and distal halves. The sectioned specimens were irrigated for I and 10 min respectively using EDTA of concentrations 17% & 10% at 7.5 and 9 pH. The amount of demineralization and removal of smear layer was evaluated by phosphorus liberation, surface roughness studies and SEM analysis. Optimum results were obtained with EDTA at 10% concentration at 9 pH for 1 min.

The role of Insulin like growth factors (IGF) in neoplastic transformation, in transversion of cell cycle during the growth and development by induction of enamel biomineralisation of the tooth and in periodontal development have been well documented in the past. However studies suggesting its usage in dental therapy have been limited. This review article hence, brings together various studies that have suggested its role as a therapeutic agent in dental pulp healing and reparative dentinogenesis along with periodontal regeneration. Positive results were achieved when IGF was combined with other therapeutic agents like platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and calcium hydroxide in healing of apical perforations. When combined with heparin. IGF-l increased the expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 mRNA. Treatment with IGF-I inhibited DNA fragmentation in periodontal ligament fibroblasts. This article also includes background information on the IGF system and its mechanism of action.