The objective is to develop the drug system of mebendazole (MBZ) as an antiparasitic drug via the self-assembly of MBZ with nano chitosan (Cs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The method of nanocomposite was fabricated by the precipitation method. Sixty male Swiss albino mice (25–30 g) were used, equally divided into six groups; group 1 (G1) included the negative control, and the other five groups (G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6) were infected with 200 Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) larvae. G2 refers to the positive control (infected without treatment), G3 is treated with 200 mg/kg/day of MBZ, while G4, G5, and G6 were treated with Cs@MBZ (400 mg/kg/day), Cs-MBZ@ZnO full dose of MBZ, and Cs-MBZ@ZnO half dose of MBZ starting from the 3rd dpi for three successive days for the treatment of the intestinal phase of infection. Results of the adult worm counts in all treated groups showed the highest percent (96.4%) reduction in G5 and G6. Improvement of the intestinal histopathological changes and the lowest intensity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the intestinal tissue were observed in groups G5 and G6 compared to the control group. The conclusion of biochemical results showed a significant increase in levels of aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and globulin in the infected control group and a decrease in all treated groups. We recommended using the modified drug MBZ as an alternative drug to MBZ for trichinellid treatment, but the results need to be applied clinically.

When crude oil is in-situ emulsified in reservoir by the injected fluid to form water-in-crude oil emulsion the fluid with higher viscosity than that of the continuous phase is obtained in the displacing front, which results in the decrease of mobility ratio and the increase of sweep volume. This is a new method for enhancing oil recovery via increasing viscosity of crude oil in emulsion flooding. To achieve this result, the high-performance Janus nano-emulsifier (HMJP) has been obtained in this paper, which employs the low-cost, environmental-friendly, and recyclable magnetic nano-Fe3O4 to be the core. Then, the relationship between the emulsifying crude oil performance and the wettability of this Janus nanoparticle has been discovered and the related interfacial stabilization mechanism is discussed by interfacial dilatation rheology. Results show that the synthesized HMJPs have strong magnetic property and can be recyclable. For the given crude oil in this paper, when 0.04% of Q-16 (the carbon number used is equal to 16) is dispersing in 0.08% of LAD-30 surfactant fluid the water content of emulsion has been 90% and the emulsion viscosity is 10732.3mPa•s, which also reached excellent oil recovery. The emulsifying crude oil performance of HMJP is strongly associated with its wettability. The inborn interface-property of HMJP, surfactant, and the active components in crude oil all play a key role to decide the wettability of HMJP in preparing water in crude Pickering emulsion. The wettability of the modified HMJP is more neutral the emulsifying performance is stronger.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are promising biologically active materials due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. In this study, CuO NPs were synthesized using a green synthesis method employing Juglans regia L. (walnut) leaf extract under ambient conditions. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied within the framework of response surface methodology to optimize the synthesis process, focusing on three critical parameters: copper salt concentration, extract volume, and calcination temperature. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized CuO NPs were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The antimicrobial efficacy of the CuO NPs was also assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against a range of bacterial strains, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. The findings demonstrated the successful formation of highly dispersed crystalline CuO NPs, with average crystallite sizes ranging from 13.39 to 25.26 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of spherical, homogeneous NPs with an average diameter of 14 µm. The optimized synthesis conditions (0.125 M copper salt, 5% Juglans regia L. extract, and a calcination temperature of 300 °C) yielded CuO NPs with a mean crystallite size of 24.51 nm and an MFC of 113.051 µg/mL. Notably, the synthesized CuO NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with some samples demonstrating superior antifungal efficacy compared to the control antifungal antibiotic at a concentration of 125 µg/mL.

The present study displays the adsorption characteristics of dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D) on biomass-based peanut shell (BPC) carbon. Experiments were conducted by varying some parameters like concentration, pH, and temperature. 2,4-D adsorption uptake was increased from 0.504 to 3.826 mg/g with rising concentration from 1 µg/mL to 5 µg/mL and giving the highest adsorption at acidic pH. 1.605 mg/g uptake was obtained at pH 2.7. The data were in good harmony with Langmuir, Freundlic, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), and Generalized isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 42.62 ± 0.3257 mg/g. The kinetic was governed by the first-order kinetic. Various kinetic models were employed and particle diffusion was predominated for 2,4-D adsorption. Thermodynamics were explained in detail. The mean adsorption energy (E) was shown by the physical sorption, and Gibbs energy was the indicator of the spontaneous nature of the adsorption. Standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs values were recorded as 5.064 ± 139.84, 18.849 ± 0.148, and 0,7414 ± 0.0943 J/mol. The results showed that BPC was an eco-friendly and cost-effective material.

Transient convective heat transfer is a type of heat transfer that occurs when fluid convection changes in temperature, heat flux, or velocity over time. However, the heat transfer phenomenon in porous media under transient situations has not been extensively examined in current research, and only a few studies have focused on triangle enclosures. Thus, a novel Dull Cornered Triangular Enclosure with Bottom separated Open-Cell Aluminum Metal Foam and Hybrid Nano Fluid is introduced. Neglecting viscous dissipation and thermal dispersion in porous media in the prevailing studies leads to underestimated temperature rises. Hence, a novel DMW-GO-MWCNT nanofluid is used as a coolant, featuring 2% graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), enhancing convective heat transmission. Including viscous dissipation and thermal dispersion in transient simulations accurately models temperature rises, avoiding suboptimal designs. The sharp lower corners in traditional triangle enclosures create stagnation points, disrupting uniform heating or cooling and reducing heat transfer efficiency. Thus, a Dull Cornered Triangular Enclosure is designed to eliminate recirculation zones by rounding the bottom corners, improving heat transfer efficiency. The placement of porous media in contact with heating surface enclosures hinders transient convective heat transfer, leading to dominant conductive heat transfer, increased cavitation risk, reduced Nusselt number, and impaired overall convective heat transfer efficiency. Therefore, incorporating Bottom Separated Open-Cell Aluminum Metal Foam in the proposed triangular enclosure lowers pressure drop and increases the Nusselt number with increased convective heat transfer efficiency. The results show that the proposed model has improved the overall transient convective heat transfer performance with a high Nusselt number, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate; and low deviation time, skin friction coefficient, and pressure drop.

This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of nutmeg seed extract nanoemulsion on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The nanoemulsion was prepared using the oil-in-water method and modified spontaneous emulsification, resulting in a stable formulation with 3% (v/v) nutmeg extract and nonionic surfactants. GC-MS analysis identified 42 bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, esters, and aromatic compounds, known for their antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. FESEM and EDX Mapping confirmed a stable, spherical morphology with particle sizes below 100 nm, with NEp 3% averaging 31 nm and NEp 5% averaging 54 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy tests revealed significant inhibition zones, particularly highlighting hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester as a key antimicrobial agent. The NEp 3% nanoemulsion demonstrated superior activity against S. aureus due to its smaller particle size, while the NEp 5% showed reduced efficacy, likely due to larger particle sizes. This study underscores the rich chemical composition and significant antimicrobial activity of nutmeg seed powder extract in a nanoemulsion form, particularly against S. aureus. Future research could explore its broader applications as a natural antimicrobial agent in industries such as food preservation, healthcare, and cosmetics.

The high viscosity and poor fluidity of heavy oil challenge its extraction, leading to the widespread use of surfactant emulsification to reduce viscosity and enhance recovery. This study evaluated three surfactants—sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium oleate (SO), and APG0810—for their suitability and effectiveness in the X reservoir. The solution properties of these surfactants were analyzed and their micro-mechanisms investigated using MD calculations. The effects of surfactant concentration and additives on emulsification and viscosity reduction were elucidated. Ultimately, a system for emulsification and viscosity reduction was selected for physical simulation research. The experimental findings show that SO reduces interfacial tension from 52.4 mN/m to 0.0027 mN/m, transforming lipophilic surfaces into hydrophilic. MD analyses reveal SO’s optimal interfacial properties, with the lowest interfacial energy of −6423.4 kcal/mol, maximum interfacial thickness of 2.56 nm, and minimal diffusion coefficient of 0.4087 Å2/ps at the oil-water interface. These findings align with experimental results, confirming SO’s superior interfacial properties. Combining 0.3% SO with 0.5% n-pentanol results in a 98% viscosity reduction. The emulsion shows excellent stability, with no water separation in the first 30 min and only 8.3% after 2 h. Physical simulation results show that in high(low) permeability core displacement experiments, system flooding and subsequent water flooding can increase recovery rates by 15.39%(36.91%), indicating the system’s potential for enhancing oil recovery in Reservoir X. The findings suggest that the implementation of this system not only boosts the crude oil recovery rate but also carries economic significance in the industry.

Resins impregnated with organic extractants regarded as effective adsorbent materials due to their ability for selective sorption. These resins consist of a polymeric material that is infused with accessible organic extractants. Furthermore, these resins merge the unique properties and the distinctive characteristics of both liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid sorption processes. In this work, the impregnation of Styrene divinyl benzene beads (SM-2 beads) with triisobutylphosphine sulfide (TIBPS = CYANEX 471X) was prepared. A SM-2 bead functionalized with CYANEX 471X (SM-2-TIBPS beads) was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques and investigated for recovery and separation of palladium ions from a 3 M nitric acid solution. Various parameters were studied, as shaking time effect, nitric acid concentration, SM-2-TIBPS beads weight, Pd(II) concentration and temperature. The Pd(II)/SM-2-TIBPS sorption system has an endothermic nature and was fitted with a Langmuir isotherm model with a 0.9860 regression factor. The kinetics modeling was fitted with PSO and IPD models with regression factors of 0.9889 and 0.9959, respectively. The maximum monolayer sorption capacity of SM-2-TIBPS was found to be 17.47 ± 0.9 mg/g. The sorption of Pd(II) from different media at 3 M takes the following sequence: HNO3 > HCl > H2SO4. Desorption of about 76.38 ± 2.4% was achieved with (1 M + 1 M) of thiourea + HCl after one desorption stage. Effect of other interfering ions, as Pt(II), Pb(II), Eu(III), Cu(II), Mo(VI), Co(III), Zr(IV), Fe(III), Cd(II), and Ce(III), indicates high separation factors between Pd(II) and other investigated metal ions, which ranged from 9.4 to 35.

Taste masking of any pediatric oral formulation has always been a hurdle. Cubosomses, a type of lyotropic liquid crystal, have been used in this research to develop an oral formulation of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen cubosomes were prepared with glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and poloxamer 407 by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. The formulation experiments were performed using a 2-level, 3-factor central composite design with drug loading, GMO concentration and HPH pressure as independent variables and vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and %drug content as the dependent variables. The most suitable ibuprofen cubosomes showed 94 nm vesicle size, −17.5 mV zeta potential, >75% drug content and >96% entrapment efficiency. The cubosomes released more than 80% of the drug within 2 hours. In vitro taste masking study showed significantly lower drug release than its bitterness threshold. An in vivo taste masking study in healthy adult volunteers showed significant taste masking compared to the marketed formulation and ibuprofen pure suspension. % of the volunteers observed cubosomes as not bitter. In contrast, 67% of the volunteers reported marketed suspension as very bitter. The developed cubosomes resulted in physical stability for three months of proper storage. The study has successfully achieved considerable taste-masking using cubosomes with GMO and Poloxmaer 407 formulation. This proof of concept can initiate a new field of research in taste-masked oral liquid formulation.

In this study, the biomass artificial humic acid (AHA) with efficient adsorption performance for norfloxacin (NOR) was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted acid-alkaline combined hydrothermal method with corn straw as raw material. Characterization analysis showed that AHA was a typical amorphous structure, and the oxygen content of AHA prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method was obviously improved compared with that without ultrasonic-assisted method. The saturated adsorption capacity of AHA was 551.53 mg/g, which was higher than that of other reported materials, such high-efficiency adsorption is due to the abundant oxygen-containing groups (–OH, –C=O, etc.) in AHA, which were functional groups that can be π-π stacked, hydrogen bonded and electrostatically bonded with NOR. It had good selective adsorption for NOR, with less interference from acidity of environmental water, coexisting inorganic ions and common antibiotics. When it was applied to adsorb NOR with concentration of 10.0 mg/L in simulated water prepared by environmental water, the highest removal rate was 91%, which indicated that AHA could not only remove all the NOR in the polluted water with complex components at the highest concentration of 630 μg/L, but also its adsorption capacity far exceeded the pollution amount. The research had important practical significance in realizing the recycling of agricultural wastes and the removal of environmental pollution.