Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA is a S. aureus that resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., Cefoxitin and Oxacillin). MRSA has a tremendous capacity to develop resistance to other classes of antibiotics and forming a real threat to patients. The process of exploring a new tactic of non-antibiotic treatments has become an urgent need. A bacteriophage is one of the possible treatments that strongly suggested. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria as a natural host with a bactericidal capability against multidrug-resistant bacteria that do not respond to conventional antibiotics. The current study investigates the lytic efficacy of phage-cocktail in vitro, specifically against S. aureus isolated from skin infections and find out the possible association of phage-antibiotic resistance. A total of 43 isolates of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus were isolated from skin infections. The isolates are distributed as (10 isolates of burn, 4 isolates of diabetic foot ulcer, 7 isolates of surgical wounds, 3 isolates of pressure ulcer, and 19 of skin and soft tissue infection). The isolates exhibited variant antibiotic susceptibility against 12 antibiotics (Cefoxitin FOX, Vancomycin VAN, Oxacillin OX, Rifampin RA, Chloramphenicol C, Nitrofurantoin F, Clindamycin DA, Azithromycin AZM, Amikacin AK, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole SXT, Ciprofloxacin CIP, and Gentamicin CN). A bacteriophage cocktail was isolated using a phage-enrichment technique, high titer phage lysate (5*109 pfu/ml) was obtained and investigated against 43 MRSA isolates. The phage-cocktail showed high specificity to S. aureus but variable susceptibility to 43 MRSA isolates. It was observed that there was no association (p greater than 0.05) between phage and antibiotic resistance of (FOX, OX, VAN, RA, C, F, and DA) where the significant association was observed (p less thaN 0.05) with (AZM, AK, SXT, CIP, and CN). Significantly, the more antibiotic-resistant isolates exhibited more sensitivity to phage-cocktail, which represents a promising alternative to antibiotics that do not affect with increasing antibiotic resistance. How to cite this article: Hantoosh, S.M. and Jarallah, E.M. (2019). Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophage Cocktail Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Human Skin Infections. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 623-629. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.

Background: Herbal therapy play a documented role now in preventing and preventing different diseases and may alternate medicinal treatment. The aim of the study was evaluation the high dose of walnut ingestion on metabolic syndrome in the polycystic ovarian patient as lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and insulin in comparison with metformin. Conclusion: treatment with high dose walnuts have a beneficial effect on oxidative stress, not by scavenging free radicals generation only, but also by protecting antioxidant status, that leading to decrease oxidative damage to lipids, so it serves in improving metabolic disturbances and to decrease the side effects of chemical treatment of PCOs. How to cite this article: Rashid, A.I., Mohammed, I.K., Kadhem, R.A., Al-Bayati, N. and Al Mukhtar, E.J. (2019). The Metabolic Effect of Walnut in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 593-596. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.

The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate floating microspheres containing Roxatidine acetate HCl prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. To achieve extended retention in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT), this may result in enhanced absorption and thereby improved bioavailability. Roxatidine acetate HCl is a competitive H2 receptor antagonist used to treat gastric ulcers. Floating microspheres systems have a density less than gastric fluids, and so these systems remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting the gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period. Floating microspheres were prepared by using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M) and ethyl cellulose. The microspheres were evaluated for parameters like particle size, entrapment efficiency, shape and surface morphology, drug content, in-vitro drug release study and drug release kinetic study. The floating microspheres were found to be spherical, and the FTIR study confirmed the drug-polymer compatibility. All floating microspheres formulations showed good flow properties, and buoyancy was found to be 71–87%. Among all formulations, F2 showed an appropriate balance between buoyancy and drug release rate (90% in 12 hour); hence it is considered as the best formulation. The data obtained in this study thus suggests that the floating microspheres of roxatidine acetate HCl are promising for sustained drug delivery, which can be used for reducing dosing frequency. How to cite this article: AL-Temimi, S.M. and AL-Rekabi, A.M. (2019). The Pten-Gene Expression Level is a Novel Indicator For Poor Prognosis in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 538-543.

The aim of present study was to develop and evaluate gastro retentive controlled release dosage form - Hydrodynamically balanced system of Chlordiazepoxide by using Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose K 4 M and Xanthum gum to avoid accumulation of metabolites of Chlordiazepoxide and to reduce dosing frequency. Tablets were prepared successfully by wet granulation method by using PVP K30 as binding agent and HPMC K4M, Xanthum gum as retarding polymer. Optimization of formulation was done by using 32 full factorial design where independent variables are X1 (concentration of HPMC K4M ) and X2 (concentration of Xanthum gum).The prepared blend of tablet were evaluated for precompression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index, hausner’ ratio, in vitro drug release, % swelling index and stability study. The prepared blend has good flow property and compressibility.Due to combination of HPMC K4M and Xanthum gum polymers tablets maintain its matrix integrity and show good prolonged release in controlled manner. Swelling index was in range from 33 to 75 %. In vitro drug release of tablet was carried in 0.1N HCL up to 18 hrs. and its show 95-98 % drug release. Use of Xanthum gum control the initial burst drug release effect of matrix tablet and HPMC is rapidly swelling hydrophilic polymer which form highly viscous gel barrier which control the drug release from system.

This work aims at investigating the reliability of ZnO-paper based microfluidic analytical devices (ZnO-µPAD) for blood plasma separation as well as bio-sensing of glucose and cholesterol. Two-layer paper-based microfluidic analytical devices coated with ZnO nanoflowers/ZnO spherical aggregates (ZnO-µPAD) for a rapid blood plasma separation and glucose sensing were developed. Plasma separation in ZnO-µPAD was evaluated experimentally and numerically using computational fluid dynamics package for a flow over porous networks. Glucose and cholesterol detection was carried out using spectroscopic techniques, both Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman measurements. The plasma separation process on ZnO NF-μPAD requires 250 s. The spectroscopic investigation reveals that the IR absorptions and Raman signals at the typical vibrational frequencies of glucose and cholesterol are increasing at higher concentration. After subtraction from absorption background arising from ZnO and the paper, a specific and linearly increasing IR absorption (913 and 1349 cm-1) and Raman signals (1346 and 1461 cm-1) are observable with a relatively good sensitivity.

Treatment for herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) patients who suffer from recurrent outbreaks consists of multiple daily doses of the antiviral drugs acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or their more orally bioavailable derivatives valacyclovir or famciclovir. Drug troughs caused by missed doses may result in viral replication, which can generate drug-resistant mutants along with clinical sequelae. We developed a molecularly homogeneous mixture of ACV with the bioerodable polymer polycaprolactone. Through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, 1H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, our method of combining drug and polymer, termed Volatile Acid-Solvent Evaporation (VASE), does not compromise the integrity of polymer or drug. Furthermore, VASE creates materials that deliver therapeutic amounts of drug consistently for approximately two months. Devices with high enough drug loads diminish primary infection of HSV-1 in Vero cells to the same level as seen with a single dose of ACV. Our data will lead to further experiments in animal models, demonstrating efficacy in preventing reactivation of these viruses with a single intervention, and with other antiviral drugs amenable to such manipulation. Additionally, this type of treatment would leave no trace after its useful lifetime, as drug is released and polymer matrix is degraded in vivo.

The crystallization of mefenamic acid in transdermal patch is a major problem that makes the patch unstable and decreases the drug release. The additive was used to inhibit crystallization of a mefenamic acid. Among the different types of additives, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 and PVP K90 were studied and found to be highly effective in inhibiting the crystallization of the drug. The PVP presented as a solubilizer agent for mefenamic acid in matrix patches at the different ratio between drug : PVP, 1 : 2 and 1 : 2.5 for using PVP K30 and 1 : 1.5 and 1 : 2 for using PVP K90. The characterizations showed the homogeneous patches without the crystal form of the mefenamic acid in matrix patches. The release profiles of the mefenamic acid from the patches were investigated by Franz diffusion cells. Over the first 1 h, the release behavior of mefenamic acid from the patches obviously increased when PVP was used as a crystallization inhibitor. However, the ratio between drug : PVP K90 at 1 : 2 was found to be the most effective in increasing the drug release from patch. Thus, the PVP could be used as a crystallization inhibitor for mefenamic acid in matrix patches which will increase the drug release.

In the present study bilayer patch of benzydamine HCl was developed using solvent casting method. Different substrates were attempted like Petri dish, glass-and-ring, and teflon-and-ring for selection of the proper option to formulate patch that should give easily peelable film with adequate mechanical properties. HPMC E15 LV was used in different concentrations for obtaining proper viscosity of solution for pouring on to surface and ring, that it should not leak from ring. The second layer was optimized by using different polymer like eudragit RSPO, eudragit RSPO + EC, and eudragit NE30 D for efficient layer bonding. The minimum release from backing membrane was established by diffusion study as compared to from drug loaded layer. The optimized batches were evaluated for folding endurance, weight variation, thickness, drug content, drug release, tensile strength, layer separation, mucoadhesion, moisture uptake, and layer bonding. The novel gingival patch of benzydamine HCl developed would be beneficial in optimizing the therapy.

Voriconazole is a second-generation antifungal agent with excellent broad spectrum of antifungal activity commercially available for oral and intravenous administration. Systemic administration of voriconazole is associated with side effects including visual and hepatic abnormalities. This study assessed the feasibility of using solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery of voriconazole adopting stearic acid as lipidic material, tween 80 as a stabilizer, and Carbopol 934 as controlled release agent and for increasing the precorneal residence time in eye. The systems were prepared using two different methods, that is, ultrasonication method and microemulsion technique. The results indicated that the larger particle size of SLNs was found with microemulsion technique (308 ± 3.52 nm to 343 ± 3.51) compared to SLN prepared with ultrasonication method (234 ± 3.52 nm to 288 ± 4.58 nm). The polydispersity index values were less than 0.3 for all formulations and zeta potential of the prepared formulations by these two methods varied from −22.71 ± 0.63 mV to −28.86 ± 0.58 mV. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated decrease in crystallinity of drug. The in vitro release study and the SLN formulations prepared with ultrasonication method demonstrated sustained release up to 12 hours. This study demonstrated that SLN prepared by ultrasonication method is more suitable than microemulsion technique without causing any significant effect on corneal hydration level.

Clobazam orally dissolving strips were prepared by solvent casting method. A full 32 factorial design was applied for optimization using different concentration of film forming polymer and disintegrating agent as independent variable and disintegration time, % cumulative drug release, and tensile strength as dependent variable. In addition the prepared films were also evaluated for surface pH, folding endurance, and content uniformity. The optimized film formulation showing the maximum in vitro drug release, satisfactory in vitro disintegration time, and tensile strength was selected for bioavailability study and compared with a reference marketed product (frisium5 tablets) in rabbits. Formulation (F6) was selected by the Design-expert software which exhibited DT (24 sec), TS (2.85 N/cm2), and in vitro drug release (96.6%). Statistical evaluation revealed no significant difference between the bioavailability parameters of the test film (F6) and the reference product. The mean ratio values (test/reference) of C max (95.87%), t max (71.42%), AUC0−t (98.125%), and AUC0−∞ (99.213%) indicated that the two formulae exhibited comparable plasma level-time profiles.