This study examines the impact of Andalusian migration on the development of educational life in the Central Maghreb during the Middle Ages against the backdrop of the political and military transformations experienced in al-Andalus as a result of the intensification of the Christian Reconquista, particularly after the defeat of the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 609 AH/1212 CE. These circumstances led to the migration of large numbers of Andalusians to the lands of the Islamic Maghreb. The Central Maghreb received a significant share of these migratory movements owing to its geographical proximity to al-Andalus, the relative stability it offered, and the welcome extended to this community by the ruling authorities, such as the Zayyanid and Hafsid states. The Andalusians brought with them a substantial scholarly and cultural legacy that helped invigorate intellectual and scientific life in the urban centres of the Central Maghreb, especially in the field of education. Andalusian scholars also played a role in renewing educational curricula and teaching methods by introducing new fields of knowledge and adopting innovative pedagogical approaches. This, in turn, led to the flourishing of scholarly activity in cities such as Tlemcen, Bejaia, and Constantine and to the emergence of an elite group of scholars who played a prominent role in the development of cultural life in the Central Maghreb.

This article examines the role of digital public relations as a strategic tool for managing corporate reputation in the digital age. It highlights the fundamental shift from traditional, one-way models to interactive models that rely on social media platforms, websites, blogs, and modern digital communication tools. The article emphasizes that digital reputation has become one of the most important intangible assets for an organization, directly impacting customer trust, loyalty, and competitiveness in the digital market.The article also explains how digital public relations contributes to monitoring content published about the organization, managing negative feedback, and enhancing a positive image by disseminating credible and valuable content that reflects the organization's principles and values, thereby increasing its credibility with the public. It further highlights the importance of digital reputation management strategies and concludes that digital public relations is no longer merely a means of disseminating information, but has become a fundamental pillar for building and managing corporate reputation and fostering trust and credibility in the changing and complex digital environment. The study also affirms that integrating these strategies with digital analytics tools enables organizations to improve their communication performance and achieve their corporate goals more effectively.

This study aims to investigate the critical approach of Abdelhamid Bouraïo, who demonstrated a notable level of critical competence while engaging with Western critical methodologies. His critical discourse addressed a range of issues that emerged from his openness to Western criticism, particularly structuralism and semiotics. These issues underscored his remarkable capacity to activate and control the mechanisms inherent in these methodologies

Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) is an essential part of electrical engineering education, providing students with the opportunity to take their theoretical knowledge and apply it to create professional competencies. Implementing good quality WIL requires overcoming some major hurdles in Open Distance Learning (ODL) environments, such as limited access to the physical industry, unequal mentorship opportunities and challenges in evaluating practical competencies remotely. This study outlines a proposed WIL framework using Artificial Intelligence (AI) that will be developed specifically for electrical engineering students in ODL environments. The proposed framework combines Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Learning Analytics (AL) and adaptive assessment models, allowing students to simulate actual workplace tasks aligned to defined industry competencies. Additionally, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms will analyse student interaction data to support personalised feedback, competency gap analysis and adaptive sequencing of tasks. A pilot initiative with ODL undergraduate electrical engineering students has proven that the AI-based WIL model is a superior method for developing practical competencies, encouraging greater knowledge retention, enhancing assessment reliability through robust validation techniques, etc., compared to previous WIL logbook models. The data from the pilot indicated that the AI/ML Driven WIL model has positively impacted the competencies, task accomplishment, and engagement of all student cohorts participating in the pilot project. Furthermore, many students provided qualitative feedback indicating they felt much more confident after participating in the AI-based WIL model in terms of preparedness for employment, ability to complete assignments/tasks, etc., compared to using the WIL logbook ODL. Thus, the AI-supported WIL approach provides solutions to the major weaknesses experienced in traditional methods of WIL delivery in ODL, providing scalable, data-driven supervision and transparent competency evaluations. Based on the study’s findings, there is evidence that AI-supported WIL provides an effective alternative to maintaining professional engineering accreditation while improving access to education through ODL. The structure of this study provides a clear theoretical model for incorporating AIinto competency-based engineering education in ODL environments with limited resources.

Zakat constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of the Islamic economic system owing to its pivotal role in achieving social solidarity, redistributing income, and alleviating poverty. However, the realisation of its Sharīʿah and economic objectives remains contingent on a practical administrative and institutional framework that ensures the proper collection and distribution of zakat in accordance with Sharīʿah regulations and the principles of good governance. This study seeks to elucidate the theoretical framework governing zakat administration within Islamic economic thought by analysing the Sharīʿah and organisational foundations that underpin the assignment of zakat affairs to the state and by clarifying the state's institutional role in overseeing this obligation. This study also aims to review and analyse contemporary administrative models of zakat management, whether based on voluntary or compulsory approaches, by explaining the mechanisms of zakat collection and distribution adopted in each model and highlighting their respective advantages and limitations in terms of effectiveness. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical methodology, drawing on relevant contemporary juristic and economic literature. The study concludes that the success of zakat administration in the modern era requires the adoption of an independent administrative system, a clear institutional structure, and adequate Sharīʿah supervision, alongside the utilisation of modern technologies and digitalisation to enhance transparency and efficiency. The findings further emphasise that unifying the organisational vision and integrating roles between the state and zakat institutions constitute a fundamental prerequisite for activating the developmental role of zakat and achieving its social and economic objectives.

Within Algeria's plural higher education system, university classrooms are mini-scale models of large-scale identity, political, and sociocultural processes. They are anything but passive spaces for knowledge transmission but spaces where Arabic, Tamazight, French, and increasingly English cross, clash, and coexist, articulating old histories of colonialism, Arabization policies, and globalization. To this purpose, multilingual practice is found to lie at the centre of how teachers and students negotiate identity, access symbolic capital, and move between visions of global and national belonging in conflict. This article employs a descriptive-analytical methodology to synthesize existing literature on patterns of multilingualism, identity negotiation, language policy, and intercultural competence within Algerian university contexts. Based on theoretical frameworks such as Norton's (2000) investment theory of identity and Byram's (1997) intercultural communicative competence framework, the research questions and examines how multilingual practices are being made, contested, and negotiated simultaneously by learners and teachers. Defining themes such as pedagogic strategies, policy tensions, symbolic and functional functions of language, and requirements for curriculum reform are codified through investigation. The review also mentions a taken-for-granted gap between theoretical monolingual or bilingual policy and practical classroom multilingual practice, where hybridity, flexible repertoires, and code-switching orchestrate daily interaction. The pedagogic consequence of these findings is significant for the pedagogy of translation and intercultural education and requires an inclusive language policy, teacher training modules in pedagogy of multilingualism, and culture-full, rich curricula. Last but not least, the paper argues that it is in seizing the pedagogical value of multilingualism as capital rather than deficit that more socially aware, cosmopolitan, and inclusive Algerian higher education can be constructed.

The study explores the link between employees’ work-life balance and service delivery in Mpumalanga's municipalities, South Africa, through an extensive review of literature. Work-life harmony is vital for employee well-being as it impacts job satisfaction, motivation, efficiency, and overall organisational outcomes. Using qualitative methods, data were collected from reputable sources such as SALGA, LGSETA, and the Auditor-General, focusing on literature published over the past decade. This approach emphasised peer-reviewed articles and relevant government reports. The findings indicate that work-life balance affects employee performance and the municipality’s ability to serve communities effectively. It also shows that employees under stress find it difficult to manage work demands alongside their personal lives. We recommend that municipal leaders regularly evaluate employees' workload and implement intervention strategies like mental health programmes, consider flexible work arrangements such as remote work, provide stress management training, establish peer support networks, and revise organisational policies that place excessive pressure on employee well-being and performance. Prioritising strategies that foster a supportive and empowering work environment is essential for reducing the risks of burnout, absenteeism, and ill health caused by workload pressures.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Islamic investment funds worldwide, through a case study of the Al Rajhi Saudi Equity Fund. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study examined the global landscape of Islamic investment funds, analyzed their performance, and assessed the reality and performance of the Al Rajhi Saudi Equity Fund from 2020 to 2025. The study concluded that the size and assets of Islamic investment funds worldwide are significant and show notable growth. It also found that Saudi Arabia is the leading country in adopting Islamic investment funds, hosting a large number of such funds, most notably the Al Rajhi Saudi Equity Fund, which has shown consistent asset growth over the years. Furthermore, the study concluded that the Al Rajhi Saudi Equity Fund achieved good performance during the study period and recommended that Algeria pay greater attention to Islamic investment funds and benefit from the experience of the Al Rajhi Saudi Equity Fund.

The Marxist materialist vision insists that literature is a mirror of society, and that the task of literature is to enlighten and transform social perceptions; otherwise, it is merely an intellectual luxury. Hence, realism came to dominate narrative creativity, surpassing the mythological reveries that had characterized classical literature. This approach seeks to trace social issues through one of the most important novels by Youcef Idris. Accordingly, the study adopts two trajectories: A theoretical trajectory, through which it addresses the creative biography of the writer Youcef Idris and sheds light on the cultural approach as a serious contemporary critical stake. And an applied trajectory, through which it attempts to examine the social issues embedded in the novel.

The study examined the dynamics of Algeria’s natural gas sector from 1990 to 2023, focusing on the effects of domestic production and local consumption on exports using the ARDL model. Unit root tests (ADF) showed that all variables are stationary at first difference, I(1), while the Bounds Test confirmed a long-term cointegration relationship among them. The Error Correction Model revealed a negative and significant adjustment coefficient of -0.75, indicating that 75% of short-term deviations are corrected annually. In the short term, gas production positively influenced exports by 0.60%, whereas domestic consumption had a negative effect of 1.11%. In the long term, production maintained a positive and significant impact of 0.81% on exports, while consumption had a small, negative, and statistically insignificant effect (0.22%). These findings suggest that expanding production capacity and rationalizing domestic consumption are crucial for sustaining Algeria’s gas exports. The results provide practical insights for policymakers to design effective strategies for balancing domestic energy needs with export growth.