The subsequent evaluation of our study involved a field experiment conducted on a 17-year-old rambutan orchard soil in Phu Phung commune, Cho Lach district, Ben Tre province.The experiment evaluated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers -sugarcane compost, biogas residue, and vermicompost -which were applied at 18 kg per tree.To compare these treatments to a control treatment based on local farmers' practices, which used solely inorganic fertilizers (2.2 kg N, 1.5 kg PO, and 0.3 kg KO per tree), they were coupled with the required inorganic fertilizers (1.5 kg N, 1.0 kg PO, and 1.7 kg KO per tree).The findings demonstrated a considerable rise in CO emissions from all organic fertilizer treatments but significantly reduced NO emissions (p < 0.05) compared to the farmers' practice.The global warming potential (GWP) of the farmers' practice ranged from 0.51 to 6.66 gm -2 h -1 CO-equivalent, while the sugarcane compost treatment exhibited the lowest GWP, ranging from 0.22 to 4.02 gm -2 h -1 CO-equivalent (p < 0.05).CO emissions were strongly correlated with soil organic matter, soil temperature, and air temperature, with R values of 0.82, 0.81, and 0.81, respectively.At the same time, NO emissions were closely linked to soil moisture, the water level in irrigation ditches, and the total amount of NH and NO, with R values of 0.85, 0.82, and 0.68, respectively.This study offers important new information about how organic fertilizers might reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Vietnam's rambutan production, contributing to more sustainable fruit production and climate change adaptation.

The scientific and engineering literature lacks information on the possibility of using constructed wetlands (planted soil filters) within land properties with unfavourable dimensions, shapes and steep slopes.The lack of sufficient solutions enabling efficient wastewater management at such locations is not conducive to environmental protection or comfortable living conditions.The aim of the article is to review traditional planted soil filters and assess the possibility of their adaptation to difficult terrain conditions, e.g.steep erosion slopes.The need to maintain a sufficiently large active area of the bed system while simultaneously reducing the land area occupied by these beds was the basic criterion for the analyses.The article proposes new eco-technologies.These include planted shelf and step soil filters.The proposed solutions are based on gravitational flow of wastewater and self-purification processes (physical, biological and chemical processes).They can operate as horizontal subsurface flow systems and hybrid systems (horizontal and vertical subsurface flow).Filter structures also provide the stabilisation and safeguarding of the ground against erosion.A retaining wall with a footing (shelf filter) and gabion baskets and mattresses (step filter) are the basic elements of technical soil protection.The analysed solutions are examples of sustainable use of space.

The increase in global climate variability due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has endangered both the environment and human health.In this context, it is important to quantify the carbon balance of anthropogenic activities, in terms of both carbon emission and carbon fixation.The aim of this study was to estimate the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and aboveground carbon stocks in agroforestry systems of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the southern Peruvian Amazon, specifically in Madre de Dios.Nine agroforestry systems (AFS) of 4-7 years of age were selected, composed of T. cacao in association with timber, non-timber and fruit tree species.CO 2 emissions were estimates based on interviews with landowners, considering fuels, fertilizers, herbicides, and domestic use of firewood, charcoal, gas and electricity.To estimate carbon stocks, we calculate aboveground biomass, litter biomass and biomass of annual cocoa bean production.The density of T. cacao varied between 530-1160 individuals/ha with ten other associated species at lower densities.The aboveground carbon stock in AFS ranged from 7.7 to 13.7 Mg/ha and the carbon fixation rate ranged from 1.5 to 3 Mg/ha/year.Total emissions ranged from 0.12-2.15Mg CO 2 e/ha/yr, with fuel use being the main source of emissions (up to 98%).Fixation rates ranged from 12.8-23.8Mg CO 2 e/ha/year.Carbon dioxide emissions fixation rates were significantly higher than emissions in every AFS.The results suggest that AFS did not have a negative impact on the environment.The study highlights the importance of AFS within the context of climate change and the increasing environmental impact of conventional agricultural systems.The study shows that the assessed AFSs had a positive overall aboveground carbon balance.Emission rates were low, and fuel use was present in all the AFS and represented the largest source of CO 2 emissions.Therefore, by harboring tree species, the AFS would allow for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

This article presents the results of laboratory tests of the use of organic additives, i.e. lignite and sewage sludge to the mineral volcanic soil substrate and their effect on the biomass production of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper').In the pots lined with geotextile fabric and filled with volcanic mineral substrate soil with the addition (by volume) of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% lignite or sewage sludge (SS), grass was sown and regularly watered with distilled water every 10 days.The green matter and the dry matter of the yield was determined.The analysis of physicochemical properties of samples of mineral substrate, lignite and sewage sludge was carried out.On average, the dry matter of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper') harvested from the control substrate was 14.205 g/m 2 .In the variation with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% sewage sludge, the dry matter of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper') was 27.636 g/m 2 , 23.299 g/m 2 , and 9.873 g/m 2 , respectively.The dry matter of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper') harvested from the substrate with 10%, 20% and 30% lignite was 16.609 g/m 2 , 13.149 g/m 2 , and 14.348 g/m 2 , respectively.The enrichment of the volcanic mineral substrate for green roofs with a 10% and 20% addition of sewage sludge contributed to an increase in the biomass yield of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper') by 94.6% and 64.0% of dry matter, respectively.The addition of lignite to the volcanic mineral substrate for green roofs contributed to a decrease in the yield of red fescue (Festuca rubra L. 'Dipper'), where, as the dose of lignite increased, the yield decreased relative to the control (by -1.5% (10%L), -20.0%(20%L), -24.2% (30%L)), most likely due to the unfavourable ratio of C:N recorded in the applied lignite (102.1:1).