Radiation is the emission of energy in the form of particles or photons, and it has two types: cosmic radiation and terrestrial radiation. Materials that emit radiation as they decay over time are called naturally occurring radioactive elements. This study, which was conducted at the Asalah site after removing radioactive contamination, included taking 15 samples from different locations at the site and conducting radiological tests on them using the HpGe (high-purity germanium) system available at the laboratory of Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission- Radiological and Nuclear Applications and Laboratories Directorate From this study one can see that the average value of specific activity for 226Ra was 15.51 Bq/kg, with the highest value for As 9, ranging between 22.2±1.9 Bq/kg and the lowest value for As 2, which was 12±1.4 Bq/kg. The average value (14.56) and the highest value of 228Ac were 25±4.2 Bq/Kg for As 11, while the lowest was 13.5±1.9 Bq/kg for As 12. The average value of 40K was 317.28 Bq/kg, with the highest value (391.6±30.7) Bq/kg in As11 and the lowest value (295±22.3) Bq/kg in As5. The average value for the dose rate was 0.14 µSv/h, ranging from 0.08 µSv/h in As 1 to 0.17 µSv/h. The dose and risk of cancer were elevated using the RESRAD 7.2 code. The external radiation dose at the site decontamination, according to the RESRAD calculations, is 2.5×10-7 Sv/year, which is the highest value of any pathway. The total dose from all pathways decreases to 1.1 × . After 100 years, it approaches zero after 1000 years. The total dose determined by RESRAD at the Al-Asalah site is less than the 1 mSv/year acceptable limit for public radiation exposure as established by the IAEA's International Basic Safety Standards.

One of the advanced techniques in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the miscible injection of carbon dioxide (CO2), which can both boost oil displacement and decrease the greenhouse effect. One of the most important indicators for ensuring full miscibility between two phases and optimal injection process efficiency is the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP). There are many methods, such as experimental methods, that are accurate yet costly and time-consuming for determining the MMP; thus, researchers often turn to mathematical techniques, including equations of state and empirical correlations. This study aims to determine the minimum miscible pressure for CO2 in one of the Iraqi fields for its importance in determining the pressure at which CO2 injection is miscible with oil. The equation of state (EOS) was used in different ways and was compared with some correlations such as Glaso, Yelling and Metcalfe, and Lee to determine whether the equation of state is good or not. The PVT model was started, through which a regression was made between the laboratory data and the data that was calculated from EOS. Then, the MMP was evaluated in different ways. Cell to cell, key tie line, and multiple mixing, and when compared with the correlations, it was found that the multiple mixing method gave the highest error rates than the rest of the methods, while key tie line and cell to cell gave the same value of minimum miscible pressure. However, the Yelling and Metcalfe correlation gave a higher error rate than from Cell to Cell, but an acceptable rate.

There are numerous real-world applications for delay differential equations, including engineering model systems with time delays, such as control systems and communication networks, time-limited meals, blood pressure, hemopoiesis, and others, especially when the oscillation in these equations is exploited. To fulfill the goal of this study, certain of the coefficients in the first-order logistic equation must be piecewise continuous. This can only be accomplished by using the delay differential equations with the piecewise constant argument to investigate the oscillation or nonoscillation property of all first-order logistic equation solutions. The solution's piecewise constant is the largest integer function. Using techniques such as transforming the non-linear delay differential equation to a linear delay differential equation and then using integral inequality, we provide adequate circumstances for all solutions to oscillate. To ensure all solutions, required and adequate conditions have been defined. After that, looking at an example shows how the oscillation of the food-limited equation. Also, the figures appearing at the end of examples show more explanation.

Overheating is a common issue in a nonparallel helical gearing system. The reason is the high friction, sliding velocity, and tangential force that occurs between meshed gear teeth. These factors can result in negative outcomes such as increased power loss, low gear efficiency, breakdown, and scuffing. Two types of non-parallel helical gears have been utilized to estimate the meshing heat fluxes of a pair of non-parallel gear systems. The scenario involves a design of standard helical teeth and a modified asymmetric non-parallel helical system. The asymmetric tool designe serves as a reference for preparing a modified asymmetric helical gear, which the CNC machine can then cut. The hybrid curve has been compounded from three parts (hypocycloid-involute-tip relief) on the loaded side and (hypocycloid-involute-epicycloid) on the unloaded side, using different pressure angles for each side. The non-parallel helical gear drive that has teeth modified asymmetrically is better than a standard non-parallel helical gear drive. The numerical results indicate the best enhancements in the maximum contact stress and tooth root stress percentages are about 12.253% and 8.91%, respectively. Adjusting the helical gear teeth surface improves the generated heat flux, resulting in an enhancement percentage of approximately 39.567%. The enhancement percentage of pitch deviation under different rotational speeds has been the best compared with the standard case under the same conditions and a high-speed range with high local temperatures reaching about 15% and is good at the low-speed range by 10%.

This study examines the behavior of fatigue crack propagation in aluminum alloy sheets used in aircraft wings, with a particular focus on critical angles of attack (AOA). The widely utilized aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 were analyzed to determine the effects of varying AOAs, representing normal flight (5°) and takeoff/landing (10°) on crack growth rates. A comprehensive approach was adopted, integrating experimental testing, numerical simulations, and analytical modeling. Experimental methods included material characterization and multiaxial fatigue tests using an innovative apparatus. Numerical simulations conducted with ANSYS 2021 CFD evaluated stress distributions and crack propagation under different wind loads and AOA conditions. Analytical modeling applied the Paris-Erdogan equation and fracture mechanics principles to predict crack growth behavior. The results revealed that higher AOAs significantly accelerate crack growth in both alloys. Notably, AL2024-T3 demonstrated slower crack propagation than AL7075-T6, indicating superior fatigue resistance, especially at lower AOAs. The fracture growth rates were determined to be 0.005 mm/sec for AL2024-T3 and 0.009 mm/sec for AL7075-T6. These findings have important implications for aircraft design, maintenance, and material selection. They underscore the necessity of accounting for AOA-dependent fatigue behavior to improve the durability and safety of aircraft structures.

Moisture damage is the most commonly occurring problem, causing layers of asphalt pavements to break apart, reducing the serviceability of roads. The utilization of recycled polymer in asphalt mixtures has become popular because it may offer environmental benefits. The present study aims to investigate how the use of recycled polypropylene (RPP) can reduce the moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Asphalt binders were modified with three different concentrations of recycled polypropylene: 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of the bitumen. The Marshall mix design method was utilized to establish the optimal asphalt content for the specific aggregate gradation both the control and modified mixtures were tested for moisture damage. Tensile and compressive strength tests were conducted to assess the moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. In the results, an optimal amount of RPP was found in asphalt mixtures, which improved Marshall properties. The same goes for their resistance to any moisture damage, which was also able to be considerably improved with this addition. The maximum tensile strength ratio (TSR) was 86.45% at 3% RPP, and the index of retained strength (IRS) of up to 81.99% by addition of 5% RPP, while the control mixture exhibited 80.25% for TSR and 75.82% for IRS. These results have shown the viability of applications with RPP in asphalt mixtures towards improved pavement performance and sustainability.

In several developing countries, the increasing request for housing and budgetary constraints have directed governments to search new ways of housing delivery. Many governments adopted an option partnership with the private sector commonly referred to as Public Private Partnership (PPP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important legal and political, government support Factors affecting the Implementation of PPPs in residential investment ventures in Iraq thereby reducing the housing deficit in the country. An inclusive research technique comprising a written review, interviews/discussions with decision-makers, professional experts, and seasoned practitioners, as well as a questionnaire, was used to extract the data for this study. One hundred questionnaire models were sent to public institutions, private sector companies, and government agencies. The responses were then subjected to statistical analysis. The outcomes show that the most five important legal and political factors were inefficiency/efficient legal framework with (Relative Important Index) RII=0.79; unstable/Stable political system with RII=0.79; corruption with RII=0.78; the growing phenomenon of partisanship with RII = 0.78; Commitments of the public and private sector with RII=0.77. While that the most five important government support Factors were Land acquisition with RII=0.77; Grants with other forms of financial support loans with RII=0.76; Government's supportive stance on investments from the private sector with RII=0.75; Project Ownership Issues with RII=0.73; Relief in certain Force Majeure events with RII=0.72 this factors can be taken in consideration for making any investment decision.

A new model equation has been constructed to estimate the liquid limit value, using the rapid one point method. Data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel and SPSS, visualizing and using 6,210 theoretical trial points, which resulted from 135 samples along the actual flow index line, with the number of blows varying from 5 to 50 with an interval of unity. The model has two correction factors (CF), both of which are functions of the number of blows at the trial point in the test. The first CF is applied to the trial moisture content, while the second CF is applied to the previously estimated liquid limit. This technique was checked against real data points. For estimating the liquid limit for a large range of blows (N) from 10 to 45 the model achieved a high R2 value of over 0.99. It also has a low RMSE of 3.8 for the set of 6,210 theoretical points and 2.2 for 220 actual points. In this research, the flexibility of the model is crucial as it provides a wider range of blows from 10 to 45, unlike the ASTM procedure for which there are set requirements that state the amount of blows to be between 20 and 30.

تُعَد اتصالات الموجات المليمترية (mmWave) حلولاً مبتكرة لشبكات الجيل الخامس وما بعدها، نظرًا للتطورات السريعة في عالم الاتصالات. تقدم هذه الورقة شبكة وصول راديوي سحابي غير متجانسة (HC-RAN) تستخدم نطاقات تردد الموجات المليمترية والأقل من 6 جيجاهرتز لتلبية هذه الحاجة. يتم تقديم ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة (RRHs) للتخفيف من التداخل وتعظيم إنتاجية الشبكة باستخدام خوارزمية (Q-Learning). توفر عمليات النشر العشوائية لوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة تغطية وإنتاجية متفوقة بسبب التنوع المكاني وانخفاض فقدان المسار. على العكس من ذلك، تتطلب عمليات النشر على الحافة المزيد من الموارد للتعامل مع متطلبات حركة المرور، يلعب النشر الاستراتيجي لمواقع خلايا الموجات المليمترية دورًا حاسمًا في تعزيز تغطية الشبكة ومعدلها، بالإضافة إلى التخفيف من التداخل بناءً على ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة والاستخدام الحكيم لتقنيات التعلم الآلي. تتفوق خوارزمية (Q-Learning) المقترحة القائمة على ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة من خلال توليد قائمة أولوية لوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة مرتبة وفقًا لأقل خسارة في المسار على خوارزمية (Q-Learning) أخرى تقوم على ارتباط المستخدمين بالخلايا من خلال توليد قائمة أولوية لمحطات (5G-NodeBs) مرتبة وفقًا لمعدل نسبة الإشارة إلى التداخل والضوضاء(SINR)، ونلاحظ التفوق في زيادة معدل ​​الإنتاجية لكل مستخدم بنحو 66.4٪ و 21٪ على التوالي عند أقل عدد من المستخدمين. يتناقص الفرق تدريجيًا مع زيادة عدد المستخدمين حتى يصل إلى 8.7٪ و 9.8٪ على التوالي، ويظل الفرق ملحوظًا حتى مع زيادة عدد المستخدمين، وأثبتت نتائج محاكاة (Q-Learning) لتنفيذ استراتيجيات ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة فعاليتها في تحسين أداء الشبكة والتكيف مع أحمال المرور المتنوعة.