The article analyses the impact of the European Union’s non-tariff barriers – particularly sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT) – on the volume and structure of Ukraine’s agricultural exports over the period 2015–2025. The aim of the study is to quantitatively assess the trade costs generated by EU regulatory requirements and to identify patterns in their influence on the commodity composition of exports, taking into account institutional developments such as the implementation of the DCFTA Agreement and temporary trade liberalization measures. The methodological framework of the research is based on gravity modeling using the PPML estimator, complemented by the calculation of ad valorem equivalents that capture the magnitude of non-tariff pressure. Unlike previous studies, this work provides the first detailed quantitative assessment of the impact of SPS notifications on specific groups of Ukrainian agricultural products over a ten-year period, enabling the identification of hidden trade costs generated by regulatory requirements. The analysis reveals differentiated sensitivity across product groups: exports of sugar and sunflower oil are the most vulnerable to increasing SPS burdens, whereas the impact of TBT measures exhibits greater heterogeneity and is partially mitigated by the digitalization of procedures and the harmonization of technical standards. The results offer new insights into the role of non-tariff barriers in shaping Ukraine’s agricultural trade flows and form an analytical basis for enhancing the effectiveness of export support policies, aligning production processes with European standards, and developing digital certification platforms. The proposed approach also makes it possible to forecast future trade costs and optimize strategies for entering the EU market, which is of practical importance for building a resilient and competitive Ukrainian agricultural export sector under conditions of intensifying regulatory pressure.

The paper identifies time lags and provides a quantitative assessment of the interrelationships between key socio-economic indicators and the dynamics of enrollment in higher education institutions. The methodological framework is based on cross-correlation time series analysis using distributed lags, which made it possible to determine the delayed effects of demographic and economic factors on educational processes. The study revealed a delayed correlation between birth rates and the number of students, with a time lag of 16–18 years, as well as an inverse relationship between the unemployment rate among individuals with higher education and the number of applicants. A negative impact of high lending rates on the demand for higher education was identified, alongside a positive effect of the growth of vulnerable employment, which stimulates the pursuit of education. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential use of the obtained results for forecasting educational needs, improving public funding mechanisms, optimizing the network of higher education institutions, and developing an integrated «education–economy–security» strategy in the context of Ukraine’s European integration.

This study analyses how rural labour migration (RLM) affects household income in rural areas, combining theoretical approaches and empirical data. Using an unbalanced panel sample from several periods based on data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), the authors apply the propensity score matching (PSM) method and a fixed effects model to assess the impact of RLM on farmers’ incomes. The results show a significant positive effect, achieved mainly through the strengthening of family social capital and access to the social security system. Heterogeneous analysis indicates that the effect is more pronounced in western China and among low-income households. The paper also conceptualises the applicability of China’s experience to the European Union and Ukraine, given similar demographic challenges, dependence on the agricultural sector and depopulation processes. The results are of practical importance for the formulation of rural economy development and migration management policies, especially in the context of post-pandemic and post-war recovery.

The system of the modern global security space is characterized by growing instability, rising conflicts, and increasing military spending. The discrepancy in empirical findings regarding the impact of military spending on economic growth indicates that the issue is debatable and demonstrates that the reasons for and forms of conflict are always specific and unique, which makes it necessary to seek new approaches to assessing the intensity of militarization of economies. This article studies the socio-economic differences among countries that determine the possibilities for building up military potential. It has been substantiated that a high level of economic militarization does not guarantee greater stability, and social and economic inequality intensifies further stratification in society and becomes a source of conflict. The integrated index of the intensity of a country’s military build-up was developed and tested, the application of which develops a system for monitoring, assessing and modeling the processes of militarization of countries’ economies. A comparative analysis of countries by the intensity of militarization processes was conducted, which made it possible to: (1) classify countries by the intensity of these processes; (2) identify the patterns; and (3) assess their impact on country development indicators. Based on the assessment of the relationships between the developed integrated index and the indicators of the most significant international ratings (the Global Prosperity Index, the Fragile States Index, the Global Peace Index, the Human Development Index, the Social Progress Index, and the Democracy Index), it has been proven that intensive militarization has a significant negative impact on peace and security, as well as on the institutional, legal, and socio-economic stability and resilience of the country.

The article is devoted to analyzing the tools and methodological approaches used to assess the impact of territorial cohesion policy on reducing interregional disparities across regions within EU countries. A content analysis of territorial cohesion assessment tools—as applied in various programs and projects of the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, originally known as the European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON)—was conducted to trace the evolution of methods for assessing territorial disparities between regions in EU countries. Based on a comparative analysis of the methodological frameworks used for territorial cohesion assessments in the EU, the author identifies the main obstacles to applying EU methodologies in evaluating territorial development policy in Ukraine and outlines key directions for improving Ukraine’s system of statistical observation for territorial development.

This study problematizes how emigration from Ukraine impacts the condition of its balance of payments. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine whether the patterns of international financial inflows from emigrants have changed since the outbreak of the war, compared to the pre-war period. A forecast is made regarding how the country’s situation and state policies will further affect these flows and shape the balance of payments situation. The results prove that the financial inflows from emigrants have had, and continue to have, a significant impact on the balance of payments, acting as a stabilizing factor against external economic shocks. However, despite the enormous emigration of Ukrainians abroad, the volume of international financial inflows from emigrants has not changed since the beginning of the full-scale war. For the first time, the author proposes policy recommendations for the Government of Ukraine and the National Bank of Ukraine aimed at avoiding adverse balance of payments shocks in the face of declining remittances from emigrants to Ukraine.

The article examines the development of the third area of the nanoeconomy – the economy of nanotechnology – and emphasizes the importance of innovation for the country’s economic growth. The authors emphasize the need to create a legislative framework to support nanobusiness, the development of technology parks, and tax incentives. The authors also emphasize the importance of Ukraine’s transition to modern scientific and technical systems for integrating nanotechnology into the economy. The processes of regrouping the country’s regions and creating new clusters are identified, facilitating the interaction of innovative segments of the economies of different regions.

This paper aims to examine how the capital structure, specifically debt and equity, affects the profitability of commercial banks in Tanzania, using panel data from 2017 to 2021. A panel data research design was employed, utilizing secondary data extracted from audited financial statements of commercial banks. Return on assets (ROA) served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables included debt capital, equity capital, and the debt-to-equity ratio. Results indicated that the variables were initially not normally distributed, necessitating normalization. Correlation analysis revealed no multicollinearity problems among the variables. Based on the Hausman test, the fixed effects model was identified as the appropriate model. The analysis showed that a 1% increase in debt capital increases the profitability of a commercial bank by 16.79%. The positive coefficient for debt implies opportunities for commercial banks to enhance profitability through debt financing. In contrast, a 1% increase in the debt-to-equity ratio is associated with an 18.07% decline in profitability (ROA), indicating a negative relationship. Similarly, an increase in equity capital is linked to a decline in profitabil ity, holding other factors constant. The study advocates for a comprehensive assessment and consideration of situational factors when making capital structure decisions. The inverse relationship between the debt-to-equity ratio and profitability also suggests that excessive debt may pose financial risk, making the bank less attractive to potential investors.