Copper-zinc ferrite composites with composition (Cu₁₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄) at x = 0.75 were successfully prepared using the sol-gel method. The effect of varying pH (pH = 7–11) on the structural and magnetic properties was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that all samples possessed a single-phase cubic spinel crystalline phase, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis, which revealed the presence of distinct M–O bonds at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites with absorption peaks observed in the frequency range of 490–535 cm⁻¹. FE-SEM images showed the presence of nearly regular nanocrystals, with particle size variation associated with pH variation. EDS results confirmed the purity of the samples and their absence of impurities. Magnetic tests using VSM showed that all samples possessed soft ferrite properties, with saturated magnetism (Ms) ranging between 13.40 and 17.40 emu/g, indicating their potential for use in electronic and micromagnetic applications.

The major goal of this research was to determine how well NiO nanoparticles (NPs) inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria that were separated from biofilm layers that had developed inside of medical equipment used on a regular basis in hospitals and dental offices. Chia seed extract was previously used in the preparation and physical characterization of NiO nanoparticles. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=16) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=14) were found in separate swab samples taken from dental office bottles, syringe tubes, spittoons, ventilation machine tubes, and emergency room bottles. Using conventional bacteriological techniques, moist swab samples were inoculated and identified on culture medium, and subsequently antibiotic susceptibility was assessed in accordance with NCCLs. Using two different techniques—well diffusion and microdilution, respectively—the antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles against contaminated bacteria was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial susceptibility of suggested antibiotics was determined using a Muller Hinton agar (MHA) plate. Antibacterial susceptibility of bacterial isolates revealed considerable resistance to the antibiotics utilized in the current investigation. According to these results, NiO nanoparticles showed the greatest effectiveness when used at a concentration of 30 mg/mL in well diffusion, and the mean inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolates ranged from 16 to 20 mm, as opposed to 16 mm for the positive control (ofloxacin disk). In this work, the inhibition zone diameters of NiO nanoparticles were within the region of high susceptibility of positive control (16 mm/ Ofloxacin disk breakpoint). However, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NiO nanoparticles was 1.875 mg/ml for 57.1% of S. aureus isolates and 0.468 mg/ml for 31.2% of P. aeruginosa isolates, with no isolates inhibited at high doses. The MIC findings revealed that the lowest concentration of NiO nanoparticles had in vitro efficiency and proved to be a good antibacterial agent against contaminated bacteria.

The AZO nanostructure samples used in this investigation were made on a glass substrate by spin-coating utilizing an inexpensive sol-gel method. We investigated the effects Effect of annealing temperature on AZO (aluminum doped with zinc) thin film on optical characteristics. The films were annealed in an air environment at (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550) °C for four hours. The measurements of optical transmittance and absorbance were made in the 300–800 nm wavelength range using a single beam spectrophotometer. When the temperature of annealing increases, the optical band gap decreases from 3.36 eV to 3.2 eV and the UV–Vis absorption spectra exhibit a small red shift. The AZO films have transmittances over 35% in the IR region of spectrum for 350°C after annealing sample, but rises to 95% at 550°C after annealing at higher temperatures. With a rise in annealing temperature, AZO film extinction coefficient increased. An increase in annealing temperature results in an increase in both optical and electrical conductivities. The AZO films were characterized with respect to their optical properties using UV-vis spectroscopy, and the optical band gap was computed using the Tauc method. The optical test indicated a direct nature of the optical transition, with an average band gap energy propensity to decrease from 3.36 to 3.20 eV when the temperature was elevated from 350 to 550 °C during the temperature annealing process. The experimental results indicate that the properties of the AZO films were affected by the annealing.

This paper describes a unique method that uses Iron (phen) molecule [phen: 1,10-phenanthroline] placed on a glass substrate to create a photodetector (PD) that is sensitive to visible light as a heterostructure device. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the samples were investigated using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The photosensitivity of the Iron (phen) /glass PD was evaluated at different bias voltages (5, 10, 15, and 20 V) at wavelength of 510 nm. The photosensitivity values were found to be 58.45, 76.82, 84.9, and 87.83, indicating the PD's ability to generate a measurable electrical response to light stimuli in the visible range. Furthermore, the response and recovery times of the Iron (phen) PD were assessed when exposed to pulsed visible light at a wavelength of 510 nm and bias voltages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 V. The results indicated favorable response and recovery times, suggesting the PD's capability to quickly detect and recover from changes in light intensity. At a bias voltage of 20 V and under illumination with visible light at 510 nm, the Iron (phen) PD demonstrated a maximum current gain of 9.22 and a quantum efficiency (ƞ) of 28.17. These values indicate the PD's ability to amplify the generated electrical current and efficiently convert incident photons into detectable electrical signals. Overall, the fabricated Iron (phen) glass PD exhibited promising photosensitivity, response and recovery times, current gain, and quantum efficiency when exposed to visible light. The findings suggest the potential application of Iron (phen) as a material for visible light photodetection.

The change detection in urban and surrounding areas, such as vegetation and bare, is a significant achievement for sustainable development, especially nowadays. The research conducted a supervisor classification of two images representing two time periods (1973 and 2023) using the method of land cover and land use (LCLU) using the ArcGIS 10.8.2 program. The classified pixels were converted into digital data to compare using the land cover method and land use change (LCLUG). The results showed a significant expansion in the urban areas of Najaf and Kufa districts, 5.72 km2 to 134.95 km2, with a decrease in the area of green areas, 17.26 km2 to 15.16 km2, and the absence of water areas, in addition to the transformation of most of the barren areas to urban areas 215.64 km2 to 88.51 km2, The study concluded that there was a significant decrease in the area of green areas in the study area and the absence of water bodies in urban areas, and these two indicators - along with the increase in urban areas - harm the environment of the region and the quality of environmental influences on the lives of the people who live in it. Which negatively affects its sustainable development plans.

In this work, optical fibers were designed and implemented as a medical sensor based on surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) to estimate different refractive indices and (Candida) concentrations and improve the endoscope's performance. Using multi-mode and single-mode optical fibers deposited by 40 nm thickness gold metal deposition for the sensing area, In practice, it was found that when the refractive index of the sensitive medium increases, the length of the resonant wave increases due to the decrease in energy.

HA (hydroxyapatite) is considered one of the biomaterials widely, it is applied in many applications like medical and dentistry. In this research, NHA powder was prepared from some natural source rich in calcium carbonate, it was prepared by calcination method at 1200 ℃ for 2 hours. The samples were diagnosed by using various diagnostic tests including scanning electron microscopy (SEM (, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and density measurements. The XRD results showed that HA as-prepared high purity and the crystallite size as around 63.561± 11.327 nm, while the particle sizes≈ 63 nm according to BET, also EDX clearly showed elements (Ca, P, O). As for the density of NHA, it was measured and found to be equal to (2.98±0.1) g/cm3. Characterization results (XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and BET) showed the morphological and structural properties of the Hydroxyapatite.

In this paper, the structure and optical properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and doped with gallium oxide have been achieved, the films were deposited on glass and silicon substrates, with different ratios (1,3,5,7)% via spry pyrolysis method, at the substrate temperature of ̊ C300. XRD results showed that all prepared films had a cubic polycrystalline structure, with preferred orientation of (111) for cadmium oxide. Surface morphology was studied using atomic force microscope (AFM), the grain size of the thin films was about 105.42-69.07 nm, with surface roughness is about (3.32-0.901) nm and root mean square (RMS) (3.97-1.05) nm for cadmium oxide films. The optical properties were studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy at wavelength (300-1100 nm), It was observed that the value of transmittance increases when the gallium doping are increasing and the films have a direct energy gap about (2.3-4) eV that increases with the increase in gallium concentration. Sensitivity properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and doped with gallium oxide was deposed on silicon substrates of NO2 gas at different operation temperatures was found that the films of CdO doped with Gallium oxide on silicon substrate has greater sensitivity than the films than the undoped and that the doping has improved the sensitivity of the membranes CdO.

Methyl ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) Perovskite was synthesized by a mixing method in one and two steps. The ethanol solvent was also used to dissolve CH3NH3I that is compared with isopropanol solvent. The characterizations of synthesized perovskite samples include the structural properties, morphological characteristics, and optical properties. The intensity and orientation in X-ray diffraction patterns appear clearly in ethanol solvent. Additionally, the ethanol solvent increases the grain size of perovskite which is homogeneous of the surface morphology. It causes a decrease in the wavelength of absorbance edge in addition to an increase in the energy bandgap value. The photodetector parameters for MAPbI3 perovskites cover the PbS nanocrystal which was prepared on the FTO glass dissolved by Isopropanol and DMF where the responsivity Rλ= 0.0037 and the quantum efficiency QE=1.016% was under λ nm =650 nm and Vbias=0V. These values were decreased by using Ethanol solvent.