This study aims to analyze the local wisdom function of customary communities in North Maluku, Indonesia, as a conflict-resolution mechanism that emphasizes reconciliation before the formal criminal proceedings stage, to prevent excessive criminalization. This research analyzes customary values from four sultanates (Moloku Kie Raha), which may be integrated into criminal law policies as a form of legal reformation. Implementing ultimum remedium and restorative justice principles. This research employed a normative-empirical legal research method, drawing on approaches from legal sociology and legal pluralism. The analysis examined conflict-resolution mechanisms, with a focus on reconciliation in customary communities in North Maluku. Primary legal materials included the 1945 Constitution. Meanwhile, empirical data were obtained by identifying customary conflict resolution practices. Key Findings this research is North Maluku customary community’s local wisdom effectively functions as a pre-criminal conflict resolution through three main mechanisms which is orientation transformation from individual retaliation to the recovery of collective-spiritual balance, The use of customary oaths and rituals as instruments of moral evidence (such as in the Sopik tradition) as a moral evidencing instrument with a high level of compliance, and Deliberation through customary institutions, which emphasize reconciliation rather than the sanction of imprisonment. Implications of the findings for broader legal reform could address the sociological and philosophical aspects of customary conflicts. Thus, social harmony has been achieved, thereby strengthening restorative justice and the principle of ultimum remedium within Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

This article addresses a timely and important issue: terrorism recruitment and disengagement in the digital era. It explores the intricate dynamics of social networks and peer contagion and their role in processes of recruitment and disengagement in terrorism activities in Indonesia. It emphasizes on how close relations and peers significantly influence young individual behavior, often facilitated through digital spaces; social media, encrypted chat groups, and other content-sharing platforms, and explores potential avenues for prevention and disengagement. The research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 former inmates convicted of acts of terrorism between 2023 and 2025 in the greater Jakarta and west Java region, Indonesia. The finding highlights that social networks serve as critical outreach platforms, especially for the young people, for disseminating extremist ideologies, sharing biased information and propaganda content, and serve to promote recruitment for violent activities. It demonstrates how communication and information sharing via digital spaces platforms plays a crucial role in shaping the processes that lead young individuals towards violent ideologies and practices. In addition, we observed that on one hand peer influence plays a pivotal role in enabling recruitment but on the other hand for prevention and disengagement efforts; although, antisocial and violent behavior spreads more readily than prosocial behavior among peers. Analysis indicate that a clear understanding of the structure of these social networks and their dynamics, as well as the mechanisms of peer contagion is essential for developing effective preventive strategies and targeted interventions. Importantly, these findings have broader practical implications, which not only provides insights of contextual complexities of recruitment and disengagement that could inform future research , but also for policymakers and practitioners who could translate this knowledge into policies and develop interventions that strengthen protective social ties, foster trust and support among peers, and guide the responsible use of digital spaces in Indonesia, and beyond. Ultimately, this study recommends revising the terrorism law in Indonesia regarding digital literacy and responsible supervision of digital space to prevent the spread of radicalism through digital space.

The current environment has been exploited without consideration or regard for sustainability and ecological balance. Forests have been plundered and burned, natural resources have been depleted without any effort to replenish them, and development in many cities has ignored spatial planning. All of these actions have ultimately resulted in severe environmental degradation. The decline in the carrying capacity and capacity of the environment, pollution and destruction of the environment, climate change, deforestation, and damage to terrestrial and marine ecosystems have become serious threats to the survival of humans and other living creatures. The issue examined in this paper is how to revive public understanding and awareness (participation) of the law in preserving the function of the environment. This paper uses a philosophical and legal hermeneutic approach, which is to look at the fundamental side using the method of text criticism, which refers to how the grand discourse on environmental law is criticized through several main references. Through this approach and method, it is hoped that the Green Ecology Quitionent (GEQ) model concept can be developed based on cosmic religious environmental law. Cosmic religion is a fundamental concept of diverse local wisdom possessed by Indonesian society. This model concept is expected to become a reference or starting point for the development of environmental policy, environmental education, law enforcement, management, and preservation of environmental functions in Indonesia.

Refugees constitute a highly vulnerable population, frequently exposed to severe human rights violations or neglect. Refugees are often undergone variable restrictions like on speech, travel, education, and economic activities. Particularly at risk are their rights to decent work, livelihoods, and access to education for children. The inability to secure dignified work profoundly exacerbates the challenges in fulfilling educational rights within refugee communities. This article investigates the systemic vulnerabilities leading to the potential violation of these critical social rights for international refugees in Indonesia. As a nation that has not ratified the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, Indonesia operates without a comprehensive domestic legal framework explicitly governing refugee social rights. Nevertheless, its responsibilities as a member of the global community, coupled with inherent humanitarian principles, morally and ethically obligate the protection of these fundamental rights. Drawing on comparative legal analysis and good practices from other nations, this paper aims to identify specific areas for legal and policy reform in Indonesia. These reforms are crucial for providing adequate protection for refugees’ rights to work and education, within the practical capabilities of the state, and without compromising the security and public order rights of its citizens. Ultimately, this research underscores the urgent need for domestic legal reform to enhance refugee welfare and ensure their human dignity in Indonesia.

The phenomenon of “No Viral No Justice” illustrates how legal justice is increasingly shaped by social media exposure, where only viral cases tend to receive serious attention from law enforcement agencies. This article analyzes the relationship between social media virality and the concept of Democratic Policing (DP), introducing a new conceptual framework termed Digital Democratic Policing (DDP). Through a literature review of 18 scientific journal articles, this study integrates five primary theories: (1) Social Movement Theory, (2) Public Sentiment Analysis, (3) Media Exposure Theory, (4) A Theory of Justice, and (5) Democratic Policing. The findings indicate that digitalization has enhanced DP practices by making them more transparent, participatory, and open to public scrutiny. However, digitalization also creates challenges, including trial by social media and the spread of disinformation. Within this context, the DDP framework is positioned not only as a response to the digital era but also as a medium for legal reform, emphasizing technology-based transparency, public participation in digital spaces, and accountable police governance. By embedding DDP into broader law enforcement reforms, policing can move beyond reactive measures toward a proactive system that restores legal certainty and strengthens democratic legitimacy. This study expands the scope of DP research into the digital domain and recommends adaptive policing policies grounded in justice, democracy, and reform-oriented practices. Generally, the DP approach shifts law enforcement from a coercive model to one that is collaborative and responsive, where legal legitimacy is primarily built upon public trust, forming the core of democratic security systems.

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly permeate decision-making processes across sectors—from autonomous vehicles to predictive algorithms in finance and law enforcement—traditional frameworks of criminal liability face unprecedented challenges. This article critically examines the adequacy of existing criminal law doctrines in attributing liability when harm arises from autonomous or semi-autonomous AI actions. It explores the tension between actus reus and mens rea in cases involving algorithmic behavior, and interrogates whether AI entities can or should be treated as legal subjects under penal law. Through a comparative legal analysis of jurisdictions including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Indonesia, the study identifies divergent approaches to regulating AI-related harm and assigning culpability. The article highlights emerging models such as strict liability, vicarious liability, and hybrid regulatory frameworks, and evaluates their potential for adaptation within Indonesia’s evolving legal system. Special attention is given to the role of developers, corporations, and state actors in shaping accountability mechanisms. The paper concludes by proposing a normative framework for reimagining criminal liability in the age of AI—one that balances innovation with legal certainty, and integrates ethical safeguards, technological transparency, and procedural fairness. This framework aims to inform future legislative reform in Indonesia and contribute to global discourse on AI governance and criminal justice.

The rapid development of blockchain technology is reshaping various dimensions of governance, particularly in strengthening corporate accountability and addressing corporate criminal liability. This paper examines how blockchain, through its inherent features of decentralization, transparency, immutability, and smart contracts, can offer innovative tools to reform legal frameworks governing corporate behavior. These features enable more robust compliance monitoring, secure and tamper-proof evidence handling, and efficient fraud detection mechanisms. By integrating blockchain into corporate governance systems, companies can enhance regulatory compliance and reduce the risks of misconduct. Smart contracts, in particular, allow the automation of enforcement procedures, minimizing human error and corruption while increasing legal predictability. This paper further explores how blockchain facilitates proactive legal oversight and redefines how liability is tracked and enforced within corporate structures. Despite its potential, the adoption of blockchain within legal systems faces several challenges, including regulatory ambiguity, privacy issues, and the necessity for international legal harmonization. To illustrate the real-world application of blockchain in legal reforms, this study presents comparative case analyses from jurisdictions that are at the forefront of blockchain regulation and implementation in corporate governance. Ultimately, this paper argues that blockchain serves not merely as a technological tool but as a catalyst for transforming the philosophy and practice of corporate criminal liability. To realize its full potential, collaborative efforts among legislators, regulators, and private sector actors are essential. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for incorporating blockchain into corporate criminal law, aiming to enhance transparency, ensure compliance, and strengthen governance frameworks in line with technological progress.

Money laundering crimes (ML) are currently committed not only by individuals but also by corporations. The provisions of Money Laundering Crimes (MLC Law) regulate corporations, specifically Limited Liability Companies (PTs). However, since the enactment of MLC Law, only five legally binding rulings have involved corporations as perpetrators of ML offenses. In these rulings, there are several errors in the application of law. These errors include the fulfillment of the benefit element only being met when there is an increase in wealth, overlooking other circumstances such as a decrease in liabilities that the company must pay or use for its operations. Furthermore, in another ruling, the panel rejected the additional criminal charge of dissolving the corporation, with the legal reasoning that MLC Law does not regulate corporate dissolution. There are several rulings in which limited liability companies (PTs) were named as suspects but were ultimately found not guilty because the element of intent to conceal or disguise the origin of assets derived from criminal offenses was not fulfilled. This paper then compares several ML cases that occurred in the UK involving PTs, reflecting on some of these cases. In this paper, the author propose several ideas for the application of MLC Law, particularly for PTs involved in ML offenses. The methodology employed is doctrinal research. The paper emphasizes the necessity of optimizing sanctions against corporations that violate the MLC Law, not only in their capacity as perpetrators of money laundering but also for failing to fulfill obligations stipulated under the law.

This article aims to discuss how Village Regulation should be implemented in the digital age, whether using artificial intelligence or conventional methods. Indonesia is a big country with too many villages, such as the small Regency/City of Malang, which has almost 390 villages (with different terms, both desa and kelurahan). The problem was raised while those villages were drafting Village Regulation. By using a legal research method, this research examines how AI could help in the village law-making process. To do that, this article combines both normative and empirical studies by analyzing the norms and literature, as well as understanding the respondent answers spread out by Google Forms. As a result, this paper finds that some AIs are necessary for drafting village regulations, such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Scopus AI, and so on. However, those AI should be used responsibly, with an honest principle, an open mind, and the avoidance of plagiarism.

This study aims to elaborate on the ethical and legal problems concerning passive euthanasia and Advance Directives (ADs) in Indonesia, focusing on the legal obscurity in current legislation, which causes uncertainties among families and medical practitioners. Although Indonesia’s Penal Code criminalizes active euthanasia, it remains silent on passive euthanasia, making healthcare providers vulnerable to the risk of prosecution when withholding or withdrawing futile treatments. Using a normative juridical approach, this research primarily analyzes Indonesian statutes and compares them with those of India, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. Despite provisions in health laws for patients to refuse treatment, the absence of explicit guidelines forces healthcare providers to operate with legal uncertainty. A comparative analysis of India’s legalization of passive euthanasia showcases how legislative clarity can align with ethical, medical, and societal needs. Insights from Islamic-majority countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran also reveal that Islamic jurisprudence, through the harm reduction principle, can be aligned with passive euthanasia within an ethical framework. Several particular reform recommendations are provided in this regard in the study, comprising amending the Penal Code to differentiate passive euthanasia and murder, establishing formal AD procedures, and introducing ethics committees and dual-approval oversight to maintain the ethical purity of the process. These reforms and public awareness initiatives would enhance the principle of patient autonomy and clarify misconceptions and legal responsibilities, providing overall improvement in an unattended aspect of medical care.