Here we describe the histological lesion of a viral fibro-papilloma in a hedgehog. After surgical removal from maxilla, the solitary swollen mass was round to oval, yellowish with rough surface and measuring 6×3×2mm approximately. The tumor mass was submitted to the laboratory of pathology, college of veterinary medicine, Kyungpook National University for pathological diagnosis. Pathological examination of the tumor was established, the tumor was described grossly and sample was trimmed, sectioned and routinely prepared for histopathological evaluation. The tumor mass was diagnosed as viral fibro-papilloma, as the histological picture showed characteristic features of warts caused by papillomaviruses. The tumor characterized by thickening of the stratum spinosum (acanthosis) and basale, koilocytosis, intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in keratinocytes and fibrosis of submucosa. Further, viral inclusion bodies were demonstrated by Machiavello stain giving red color to the nuclei. No lymphocytes that responsible for regression of the wart could be detected, suggesting the poor possibility of spontaneous regression of the tumor. Papillomatosis is a disease of young animals, but in our case the infected Hedgehog was 5 years old, that maybe due to an impaired immune system, which is also shown by absence of lymphocytes. To the best knowledge of the author, this case presents the first report of viral fibropapillomatosis in Hedgehog.

고온 환경에서 실시하는 운동은 지구성 운동수행력에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있다. 이러한 관점에서 지구성 선수들의 운동수행력 향상을 위한 운동 전과 운동 중 냉각요법의 다양한 중재방법에 관한 연구들이 제시되고 있지만 스포츠 현장에서 실용적으로 적용시킬 수 있는 구체적인 방안에 관한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이 총론은 운동유발성 열 스트레스로부터 회복과 운동수행력 향상을 위해 냉각요법에 적용된 중재방법에 관한 연구들을 분석하여 운동 전과 운동 중 그리고 운동 후에 적용될 수 있는 중재방법들을 논의하였다. 실험실 상황에서 실시된 연구결과들은 대부분 지구성 운동수행력 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 몸통냉각과 목냉각 같은 국부 냉각요법의 중재방법과 맨톨과 얼음슬러리 섭취 등의 중재방법이 스포츠 현장에서 더 실용적인 중재방법으로 적용될 수 있다. 하지만 대부분의 연구들이 실험실 상황에서 이루어졌기 때문에 스포츠 현장에서 실질적인 경기와 훈련 중에 적용할 수 있는 효과적인 중재방법에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. It is well established that endurance performance is negatively affected by environmental heat stress. Numerous scientific investigations have attempted to improve performance in the heat with pre-cooling and per-cooling for endurance athletes. Some cooling strategies are more logistically challenging than others, and thus are often impractical for use in training or competition. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the use of cooling interventions in the improvement of performance and recovery from exercise-induced heat stress. We undertook an examination that focused on the effects of pre-cooling and per-cooling on the improvement in endurance performance and the effects of post-exercise cooling on recovery. The benefits for pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies undertaken in the laboratory setting could be employed by athletes who compete in hot environmental conditions to improve performance. Most laboratory studies have shown improvements in endurance performance following pre-cooling and per-cooling, and in recovery following post-cooling. Cooling strategies such as cooling vest, neck cooling collar, menthol and ice slurry are practically relevant to sports field. Cooling interventions that can be applied frequently to reduce thermal strain prior to, during and directly after training appear to be the best effective strategy to improve performance and recovery. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of practical pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies in competition or field settings.

항산화, 항알러지, 항염증, 항암, 항고혈압, 항균 활성을 나타내는 폴리페놀 화합물은 고등식물에 의해 생산되는 2차 대사산물이다. 일반적으로 폴리페놀 화합물은 플라보노이드와 비 플라보노이드 화합물로 나뉘며 병원균에 대한 항균활성은 비 플라보노이드 화합물에 비해 플라보노이드 화합물이 우수하다. 항균활성을 나...

This study is examined river naturality and vegetative composition of river riparian zones to identify their most important sources of variation. Information on plant species cover and on physical characteristics that occur at upper, medium, and low areas was collected for 30 riparian plots located throughout the Youngjeong River in Korea. The riparian areas of river banks are dominated by mixed sediment and the vegetation is composed of herbs, shrub, and trees. The floristic characterization of riparian at this river during 2015 season was identified with a total of 28 families, 72 genera, 75 species, 13 varieties, 23 associations. The vegetations of low water‘s edge and flood way at upper region were naturally formed various vegetation communities by natural erosion. Forty plant species were identified around the upper region, where the dominant growth form was mostly trees. The flood way vegetation at middle region was both of natural vegetation and artificial vegetation. Land uses in riparian zones river levee at low region were bush or grassland as natural floodplain. The values of cover-abundance at upper, middle, and low region were total 9.26, 7.24, and 7.56, respectively. Grasses and forbs at the Youngjeong River have similar cover-abundance values. Recent, many riparian areas of this river have been lost or degraded for commercial and industrial developments. Thus, monitoring for biological diversity of plant species of this river is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management.

우리는 이전실험에서 배양세포를 사용하여 4종류의 천연물(Corydaline, (<TEX>${\pm}$</TEX>)-Car-3-ene-2,5-dione, Cinobufagin, Corilagin)이 ERAP1와 FOXO1 (DFA16) 유전자발현을 2배 이상 상승시키는 것을 증명하였다. 본 실험은 1% agar, 5% sucrose, natural compound <TEX>$20{\mu}l$</TEX>를 넣은 먹이를 만들어 4시간 starvation후에 4시간 동안 먹였다. Cinobufagin와 Corilagin를 먹이면 대조군에 비하여 6-8일 정도 더 생존하였다. RT-PCR 실험결과 ERAP1와 FOXO1 유전자 발현을 조절하는 것이 증명되었다. 산업곤충질병 진단과 치료에 사용될 것이며, 초파리를 대신한 생쥐에서도 동일한 결과를 실험하여 수명연장을 위한 신약으로 발전시킬 것이다. A previous study demonstrated that four kinds of natural compounds, Corydaline, (<TEX>${\pm}$</TEX>)-Car-3-ene-2,5-dione, cinobufagin, and corilagin, enhanced the gene expression of ERAP1 and FOXO1 (DFA16) more than two-fold in a cell culture system. In this study, the experimental food was made finally 30 ml in which included 1% agar, 5% sucrose, and each natural compound <TEX>$20{\mu}l$</TEX>. A fruit fly of Drosophila melanogaster fed a natural product for 4 hr after 4 hr starvation. Both natural compounds of Cinobufagin and Corilagin induced 6-8 days more survival comparing than it controls group. The resulting fruit flies were estimated the gene expression of ERAP1 and FOXO1 by RT-PCR that also demonstrated meaningful results with the same lifespan results. Cinobufagin from BufonisVenennumis has <TEX>$C_{26}H_{34}O_6$</TEX> molecular formula and 442 kDa molecular weight. Corilagin from Euphorbiapekinensisis has <TEX>$C_{27}H_{22}O_{18}$</TEX> molecular formula and 634 kDa molecular weight. The two types of natural products screened in this study will be used in the early diagnosis and treatment of insect industry in the near future. In addition, the natural products will be used in longevity experiments in a mouse model. The results may give one of the clues for studying new drug development candidates of the longevity.

포도과(Vitaceae) 포도속(Vitis) 식물들 19종의 intergenic spacer 1 및 intergenic spacer 2의 염기서열을 Genbank에서 수집하였다. 그러나 국내에서 흔하게 발견되는 포도과 포도속 식물인 까마귀머루(Vitis thunbergii var. sinuata)와 포도과 개머루속 식물인 개머루(Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla)의 염기서열은 Genbank에서 발견할 수 없었다. 따라서 개머루와 까마귀머루를 채집하고 genomic DNA를 분리하여서 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 및 28S rDNA의 일부를 증폭하고, 그 염기서열을 분석하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 염기서열을 다른 포도속 식물들의 염기서열과 MUSCLE (Multiple sequence comparison by log-expectation) algorithm으로 서로 비교하여 neighbor-joining tree 및 pairwise distance (p-distance)를 계산해 보았다. 그 결과 국내 자생종인 개머루와 까마귀 머루는 서로 간에는 높은 상동성을 보이지만 외국의 포도속 식물들과는 유전적 상관관계가 상당히 멀다는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 이것은 아마도 우리나라 자생종들의 경우에 오랜 시간 동안 외국의 포도속 식물들과 지리적으로 격리된 상태에서 독립적으로 진화한 결과가 아닌가 생각된다. 또한 개머루와 까마귀머루의 염기서열의 상동성이 높은 데에도 불구하고, 형태를 기준으로 하는 기존의 분류체계에 따라서 개머루는 개머루속으로 까마귀머루는 포도속으로 분류가 되고 있다. 형태를 기준으로 하는 기존의 분류체계와 염기서열을 기준으로 하는 유전적 분류체계간의 괴리를 본 연구에서 다시 한 번 확인할 수 있었다. DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer 1 and intergenic spacer 2 of the nineteen plants belonging Vitis genus were collected from the Genbank. DNA sequences of the same regions of Vitis thunbergii var. sinuata and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla, both common plants in Korea, were not available in Genbank. Those two plants were collected, their genomic DNA encoding 18S rRNA, intergenic spacer 1, 5.8S rRNA, intergenic spacer 2 and part of 28S rRNA amplified and DNA sequence determined. DNA sequences of twenty-one plants including two Korean plants were aligned by the Multiple sequence comparison by log-expectation(MUSCLE) algorithm and the alignment was used to calculate neighbor-joining tree and pairwise distance. The results indicate DNA sequences of the two Korean plants are highly homologous with each other, but they are quite distantly related to the other Vitis plants. Distant relationship of the two Korean plants with the other Vitis plants might be due to independent evolution of those two plants in geographically isolated environment. Those two Korean plants are classified in different genera based on the morphology, one in Vitis genus and the other in Ampelopsis genus, providing another example of discrepancy between morphological and genetic classification.

치아우식의 주원인균인 Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)는 산 생성 뿐 아니라 산에 대한 탁월한 저항성을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 S. mutans가 pH stress에 노출될 때 형질막 유동성, F-ATPase 활성과 발현 및 양성자 투과성 변화와 그 상관관계를 규명하였다. S. mutans로부터 형질막을 분리한 후 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene을 사용하여 pH stress가 형질막 유동성 변화에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. pH 4.8과 pH 8.8에서 배양한 S. mutans는 pH 6.8에서 배양한 S. mutans에 비하여 형질막 유동성이 감소되었다. F-ATPase 활성과 발현은 pH 4.8에서 가장 높았고, pH 8.8에서 가장 낮았다. 양성자 투과성은 pH 4.8과 pH 8.8에서 모두 감소되었으며, 특히 pH 4.8에서의 감소가 컸다. F-ATPase 활성만으로 양성자 투과성이 결정된다면 pH 8.8에서 가장 높아야 하나 pH 6.8보다 감소하는 것은 형질막 유동성 감소에 기인된 양성자 세포내 유입 감소와 관련된 것으로 추정한다. 또한 pH 4.8에서 양성자 투과성이 아주 낮은 것은 높은 F-ATPase 활성에 의한 양성자 세포외 유출 증가 뿐 아니라 형질막 유동성 감소에 의한 양성자 세포내 유입 감소에 기인된 것으로 추정한다. 따라서 pH stress에 의한 형질막 유동성 감소는 S. mutans가 세포내 pH 를 유지하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 생각되며 에탄올을 포함하여 비특이적으로 세포막 유동성을 증가시키는 약물들은 항우식제에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 추정한다. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), which plays a major role in the etiology of human dental caries, is able to tolerate exposure to acid shock in addition to its acidogenicity. We investigated the effects of pH stress on membrane fluidity, activities and expression levels of F-ATPase, and proton permeability in S. mutans. Using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, we observed membrane ordering at pH 4.8 and pH 8.8. The ordering effects were larger at pH 4.8 in cytoplasmic membranes isolated from S. mutans (CMSM). Increasing pH resulted in a decrease in the activities and expression levels of F-ATPase. The proton permeability was decreased at both acidic and alkaline pHs, and the lowest permeability was observed at pH 4.8. The lower permeability at pH 8.8 than pH 6.8 is likely to be caused by the decreased proton influx due to the decreased CMSM fluidity. In addition, it seems to be evident that extremely low permeability at pH 4.8 was caused by the decreased proton influx due to the decreased CMSM fluidity as well as the increased proton efflux due to the increased activity and expression level of F-ATPase. It is likely that CMSM fluidity and F-ATPase activity are two major key factors that determine proton permeability in S. mutans. We suggest that CMSM fluidity plays an important role in the determination of proton permeability, which sheds light on the possibility of using nonspecific membrane fluidizers, e.g., ethanol, for anti-caries purposes.

졸복(Takifugu pardalis)의 아가미로부터 항균성 펩타이드를 정제하였다. 졸복 아가미의 산 추출물은 Sep-Pak C18에 의해 부분적으로 정제되었으며, 60% 메탄올 분획(RM60)은 Bacillus subtilis KCTC 1021에 대해 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이 RM60을 사용하여 이온교환을 포함한 5단계의 연속적인 HPLC로 정제하였다. 정제된 펩타이드의 분자량과 아미노산 서열분석은 MALDI-TOF MS와 에드만 분해법으로 분석하였다. 이 펩타이드의 분자량은 약 1171.6 Da이었으며, 분석된 이 물질의 부분적인 일차구조서열은 다음과 같다; STKEKAPRKQ. 이 물질과 기존에 알려진 항균성 펩타이드들과 유사성을 조사한 결과, 정제된 물질은 histone H3 계열의 N-말단 부분과 유사하였다. 이러한 결과로부터 정제된 펩타이드는 졸복에서 반응하는 선천성 방어 시스템에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다고 여겨진다. An antibacterial peptide was purified from an acidified gill extract of the pufferfish Takifugu pardalis. The acidified gill extract was put through a Sep-Pak C18 solid phase extraction cartridge using a stepwise gradient and divided into a flow-through (F.T.) and 60% methanol fraction (RM 60). Among the eluents, RM 60 had potent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis KCTC 1021. RM 60 was partially purified on a cationic-exchange column (SP-5PW) by a linear gradient, and the antibacterial peptide was then further purified, using a series of cationic-exchange and <TEX>$C_{18}$</TEX> reversed-phase HPLC columns. For characterization of the purified peptide, its molecular weight and amino acid sequence were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS and Edman degradation. The molecular weight of the peptide was about 1171.6 Da. The amino acid sequence of the peptide was partially determined as: STKEKAPRKQ. A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with that of other known polypeptides revealed high homology with the N-terminus of the histone H3 protein, which belongs to the histone H3 family. Thus, this peptide was designated as a puffer fish gill (PFG)-related antimicrobial peptide. This is the report to describe an antimicrobial function for the N-terminus of histone H3 of an animal species. The findings suggest that this peptide plays a significant role in the innate defense system of the pufferfish.