This article examines waste management and recycling as an element of reverse logistics in a circular economy. The concept of circular economy can be found very often in scientific and social environment. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends of waste management and recycling as a reverse logistics element in the conditions of circular economy in Europe and Lithuania. To achieve the goal were done: an analysis of theoretical sources to reveal the essence and connections of reverse logistics and circular economy, analysis of LR and EU legislation, development strategies of the environmental protection and waste management sector, analysis of EUROSTAT statistical data, monitoring, situation assessment and questionnaire survey. The main goals of the circular economy model are less raw materials, less waste, less emissions, managing such elements as raw materials, sustainable design, production, distribution, consumption, reuse, repair, collection, waste management, and residual waste. Direct logistics processes and reverse logistics play really important role in this concept. Logistics examines the movement of material, financial and information flows from the source of raw materials to the end user, reverse logistics examines the same flows, only in the opposite direction. Reuse, repair, collection, waste management are on responsibility of reverse logistics. For this reason, waste management in the terms of a circular economy cannot be seen only as the responsibility of the government and the end user (the resident sorting the waste). All participants in the supply chain, who were interested in bringing the material flow to the end user, and who created added value in the supply chain, according to the "polluter pays" principle, should take responsibility for the waste generated in the country, waste management and sorting, recycling. Because, for example, prevention of waste generation is a priority, and the cheapest solution is to avoid waste management and recycling. Thus, all participants in the supply chain must be interested and cooperate in the implementation of the circular economy. The general trends in the collection of the main sorted waste in Europe and Lithuania are not unambiguous, since waste management is regulated by different local laws of the countries. A general increase in the amount of sorted and collected waste is recorded, but not all countries demonstrate an increase, this may be related to the elements of the circular economy that have already been implemented, public awareness, declining consumerism, the economic situation in the country and other factors that lead to a generally more responsible approach to ecological aspects. EU newcomer countries are characterized by large increase in waste collection, regardless of waste types. Consumer opinion is quite favorable to the implementation of circular economy principles, but the main idea is that most of the responsibility for waste collection and management must be transferred to commercial participants in the supply chain.

Court decisions are acts of justice and protection of human rights, which, once they have entered into force, must be complied with by all persons, institutions, organizations and public authorities. However, in order to maximize the protection of personal rights and minimize possible errors in court procedural decisions, the legislation regulating court proceedings provides for a number of forms of verification of the legality and reasonableness of court procedural decisions. In applying the renewal of process, as an exceptional stage of court proceedings, it is important to ensure the protection of legal stability, legal certainty, the protection of the rights and fundamental freedoms of persons acquired by final judgments, and the stability of the substantive legal relations established. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms the right to a fair trial, guaranteed by Article 6(1) of the Convention, emphasizes one of the essential elements of the principle of the rule of law: the principle of legal certainty, which implies respect for the principle of res judicata (the court's having finally settled the matter, i.e. the prohibition of an identical action). This principle requires that, once the courts have finally settled a dispute, their decision must not be called into question, thus ensuring the stability of relations. The grounds for reopening proceedings as an exceptional stage must therefore be applied informally and in accordance with the principle of legal certainty, so that reopening of proceedings is possible only for the correction of fundamental errors in important and compelling circumstances. The article presents and discusses on the institute of reopening of proceedings in civil and administrative court's proceedings from a comparative perspective, the main procedural peculiarities of this type of issues in different jurisdiction courts, and draws certain conclusions on the main topics of the renewal of process in both civil and administrative cases. A comparison of the procedural laws governing civil and administrative proceedings and the case-law developing them shows that the essential provisions of the institute of reopening of proceedings make this stage of the proceedings exceptional and optional. The definiteness and clarity of the legal regulation guarantee that this stage of the proceedings complies with the provisions of the Convention on the guarantee of the right to a fair trial.

Central Banks across the globe are examining the prospect of their digital currency called central bank digital currency (CBDC). The rise of cryptocurrency and the digitalization of the financial sector have induced countries to conduct extensive research to issue their digital currencies, while few have already issued, and some are undertaking extensive pilot tests of CBDC. In this context, the article has two objectives. First, the paper aims to introduce CBDC as the digital currency issued and regulated by the central banks. The second objective is to investigate the set of articles published on CBDC and digital money to understand their major challenges. This paper reviews the selected literature from 2013 to 2024 from various databases using the keywords: Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC, Cryptocurrency, and Digital Money. A total of 112 studies were selected in the first stage and after detailed assessment 42 studies were selected for review. The review finds some general as well as country-specific challenges. The different challenges of CBDC issuance and implementation are financial stability, challenges for commercial banks, operational challenges, consumer and merchants’ digital financial literacy, lack of differentiation with existing digital payments, cybersecurity risks, privacy, and regulatory challenges. The study also discusses the future areas of research for CBDC. This paper is a unique attempt to review the literature on eight themes of CBDC challenges.