Pesticide pollution of irrigation water is one of the most significant problems that researchers are concerned about. In this work, cobalt oxide nanoparticles were prepared using an effective photochemical synthesis, which was used to remove pentachlorophenol pesticide from irrigation water. By using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles are characterized. Adsorption experiments revealed that the maximum removal efficiency was achieved at a temperature of 323 K, pH 2, with 0.1 g of Co 3 O 4 and a contact time of 60 min. Thermodynamic parameters (Δ H ° = +10.27 kJ·mol −1 , Δ S ° = +41.51 J·mol −1 ·K −1 , and Δ G ° = −3.13 kJ·mol −1 ) were calculated to evaluate the nature of the adsorption process, where the results indicated that the adsorption of PCP onto Co 3 O 4 NPs is endothermic and spontaneous under the tested conditions. Also, the equilibrium data were determined using the Freundlich ( R 2 = 0.997) and Langmuir isotherms ( R 2 = 0.5333), which illustrate that the adsorption process was multilayer on the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticle surface. On the other hand, the kinetic data indicate that the adsorption process is related to the pseudo‐first‐order model ( R 2 > 0.9095).

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have intensified environmental pollution, including persistent organic contaminants and toxic metals that threaten ecosystems and human health. Green‐synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining attention for their lower‐hazard reagents, reduced energy inputs, and competitive performance relative to conventional routes. This review consolidates current green synthesis strategies for TiO 2 NPs and the accompanying structure–property relationships derived from standard characterization (e.g., XRD, TEM, DLS, FTIR, UV–Vis, and BET). Applications are surveyed across three domains: (i) environmental remediation, highlighting photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical residues and dyes in water and the adsorption/photocatalytic removal of heavy‐metal ions; (ii) pharmaceuticals, where TiO 2 NPs act as formulation components or nanocarriers that modulate stability, release, and targeting of active ingredients; and (iii) medicine, encompassing antimicrobial surface coatings, wound‐care and implant interfaces, imaging/theranostic platforms, and photoactivated antimicrobial/anticancer interventions. This review summarizes recent advances, performance benchmarks under realistic conditions (pH, ionic strength, and real effluents), and safety/regulatory considerations related to particle size, crystal phase, dopants, and surface modification. Finally, this review identifies key gaps in scalable green synthesis with tight batch control, standardized testing in complex matrices, and life‐cycle assessment and outlines research directions to enable reproducible, safe, and application‐ready TiO 2 nanotechnology.

Carbon quantum dots (CqDs) are a novel class of nanomaterials with excellent photoluminescence, biocompatibility, and sustainable synthesis potential. In this study, we explored the green synthesis of AqBlue‐CqD from citrus peels using a microwave‐assisted method, which incorporates citric acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance solubility and overall biocompatibility. UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of CqDs, which exhibited a distinct absorption peak at 336 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM analyses revealed a uniform spherical morphology with an average particle size of approximately 100–220 nm and zeta potential values of −18.1 mV, indicating adequate colloidal stability, while FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxygenated functional groups that support surface passivation and aqueous dispersibility. AqBlue‐CqD exhibited strong blue fluorescence under UV illumination, characterized by a high quantum yield and substantial photostability, as further validated by IVIS imaging. Spectrofluorometric evaluation revealed an emission onset at 360 nm, with a strong peak at 448 nm. Antimicrobial analyses confirmed effective antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli and Candida tropicalis . To enhance their biomedical applicability, liposome‐encapsulated AqBlue‐CqD (AqBlue‐CqD‐Lip) formulations were developed, demonstrating improved stability, excellent biocompatibility, and negligible cytotoxicity in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). In vivo bioimaging studies using zebrafish and BALB/c mouse models revealed strong fluorescence distribution and enabled a comprehensive assessment of systemic distribution. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that citrus‐derived AqBlue‐CqD exhibits low toxicity, excellent photostability, and high biocompatibility, making it highly suitable for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. In summary, this study highlights a sustainable and economical approach for producing high‐quality quantum dots from organic waste, offering a green alternative to conventional CqD nanomaterials in advanced biomedical and nanotechnology fields.

New epoxy (EP)‐based sandwich composites have enhanced mechanical performance and optimized cost‐effectiveness, as a result of composites’ increasing popularity. This study aims to develop composites with 3, 5, and 7 layers of woven carbon fibers (WCFs) layered on 3D rayon‐based graphite felt (3D RGF) as the core of the sandwich composites. Using WCFs as face sheet layers increases flexural strength and modulus. Flexural strength increases to 226.92 MPa, and modulus increases to 15.18 GPa with 3 WCFs layers. Five layers increase modulus to 25.43 GPa and flexural strength to 370.21 MPa. Seven layers provide the highest modulus of 31.38 GPa and flexural strength of 405.07 MPa. Diverse concentrations of nanosilica (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 0.8 wt%) were embedded within the core to bolster its mechanical properties. Using an in situ casting method, an EP resin solution was infused into the structure, forming a bicontinuous composite. This method significantly enhances the toughness and adhesion between the fibers and the EP resin, resulting in superior mechanical properties. EP alone has 57‐MPa tensile strength, but three layers of WCFs increase it to 531.38 MPa, five layers increase it to 647.24 MPa, and seven layers increase it to 764.40 MPa. The minimum tensile modulus of EP is 2.75 ± 0.5 GPa. The modulus increases significantly when layers of WCFs are added, reaching 9.75 GPa with three layers, 14.96 GPa with five layers, and a maximum value of 23.44 GPa with seven layers. When a little amount of nanosilica was added, the flexural properties of composites were significantly affected. Among all concentrations, 0. 5 wt% nano‐SiO 2 yielded the highest enhancement of flexural strength and modulus. At 0.1 wt% nanosilica, the flexural strength and modulus of the sandwich composites increase to 493.5 MPa and 30.5 GPa (23.4% and 24.5%). The peak occurs at 0.5 wt%, reaching 645.7 MPa and 41.5 GPa (61.4% and 69.4%). However, at 0.8 wt%, values drop to 560.1 MPa and 30.4 GPa, still showing 40.0% and 24.1% improvements. This study provides a new solution for reinforcing the mechanical properties of EP sandwich composites. Increasing the performance with nanofiller concentrations is also emphasized.

The novel global issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and oxidative stress necessitates sustainable and creative solutions. This study presents the green synthesis of Cu/SeO 2 and Co/SeO 2 nanocomposites using Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The nanocomposites were characterized by UV‐visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, HR‐TEM, zeta potential, DLS, and EDX to verify their structural, morphological, and compositional features. Phytochemical analysis of the rosemary extract revealed its richness in phytochemical content, which facilitated the synthesis and stabilization of the nanocomposites. The antioxidant activity of the nanocomposites was studied by DPPH and ferric‐reducing power assays, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging capacity. Additionally, the antibacterial activity was appraised against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive pathogenic bacterial strains by a well diffusion assay. It was found that R. officinalis extract showed no activity, but Cu/SeO 2 and Co/SeO 2 NCs demonstrated privileged antibacterial activities. Co/SeO 2 NC exhibited the best performance with inhibition zones of 44.0 ± 1.27 mm against E. coli , 40.0 ± 1.34 mm against K. pneumoniae , and 43.0 ± 1.49 mm against E. Cloacae , compared with Cu/SeO 2 NCs and gentamycin. The synergistic features of copper, cobalt, and selenium within the nanocomposites highlight their potential as dual‐action agents for mitigating oxidative stress and bacterial infections. This study underscores the potential of green‐synthesized Cu/SeO 2 and Co/SeO 2 nanocomposites as eco‐friendly and biocompatible alternatives for biomedical and environmental applications.

Root canal therapy remains a cornerstone in dentistry for the prevention and management of pulpal and periapical infections. Despite its widespread use, the treatment continues to face challenges due to the complex root canal anatomy, including curvatures, isthmuses, and accessory canals that often harbor resistant microorganisms. The persistence of these microorganisms frequently leads to incomplete disinfection, reinfection, and treatment failure. This review aims to analyze recent progress in root canal therapy and evaluate the role of emerging technologies in overcoming these limitations. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Springer, and published scientific texts. Conventional root canal therapy involves canal shaping, cleaning, and obturation, but these methods are frequently limited by their inability to fully eliminate biofilms and residual infected tissue. Over the past decade, novel approaches have been developed to address these shortcomings. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) has enhanced three‐dimensional visualization of the canal system, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Robotics‐assisted systems offer improved precision and reproducibility in endodontic procedures. Furthermore, nanotechnology has introduced innovative antimicrobial strategies, as nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrate unique properties such as high surface reactivity and the ability to penetrate dentinal tubules, thereby improving disinfection efficacy. This review highlights that, although conventional approaches remain the foundation of root canal therapy, integration with advanced technologies has the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes. NPs, CBCT, and robotics collectively show promise in enhancing canal disinfection, treatment accuracy, and long‐term success rates. However, current evidence is still largely experimental or limited to early clinical studies. To conclude, the incorporation of nanotechnology, advanced imaging, and robotic systems into endodontic practice represents a major step forward in addressing the persistent challenges of root canal therapy. Although these innovations hold significant potential, further large‐scale clinical trials and long‐term studies are necessary to validate their safety, cost‐effectiveness, and clinical applicability. Ultimately, combining conventional expertise with emerging technologies may redefine the future standard of care in endodontics.

This study looks at how to manufacture cost‐effective, sustainable, and high‐performance energy storage materials. Although there has been significant development in graphene oxide‐based materials, challenges such as the accumulation of graphene sheets, weak cycling stability, and insufficient pseudocapacitive contributions reduce their efficiency, so this work looks to ride these challenges by manufacturing a stable, high‐capacity, and environmentally friendly hybrid quaternary nanocomposite γ‐Fe 2 O 3 /Cr 2 O 3 /GO/SA aerogel by using the inexpensive sonication method. The structural and morphological characterization of this hybrid nanocomposite was done using different techniques such as x‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy technique. The capacitive performance was determined using a three‐electrode system workstation. This hybrid nanocomposite achieved an excellent specific capacity of 1032 F.g −1 at a current density of 1 mA.g −1 , along with a good energy density of 430 Wh.kg −1 and a power density of 9110 W.kg −1 , and this means it achieved about a 2.5 times improvement more than traditional GO‐based materials. These impressive results belong to the excellent surface area of the γ‐Fe 2 O 3 /Cr 2 O 3 /GO/SA hybrid aerogel, provided by adding two types of semiconductors (γ‐Fe 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 ), which reduces the graphene oxide sheets agglomeration. Furthermore, they also have a multioxidation state that makes them suitable for redox reactions, which leads to the addition of a pseudocapacitive to the overall capacitance. The hybrid nanocomposite also appears to have impressive cycling stability and a high coulombic efficiency of up to 98% after 7000 cycles, making it suitable for energy storage devices.

This study introduces a novel, cost‐effective, and combustion synthesis approach for synthesizing dysprosium‐doped magnesium niobium oxide (Dy: MNbO) nanoparticles (NPs) via a solution combustion method utilizing aloe vera gel as a green fuel. The use of aloe vera gel not only simplifies the synthesis process but also enhances the ecocompatibility of the method, making it a significant advancement over conventional techniques. Advanced spectral techniques were employed to characterize the Dy: MNbO NPs. PXRD analysis revealed that the average crystalline size of the NPs was approximately 45 nm. The energy band gap of the synthesized Dy: MNbO NPs was determined to be in the range of 4‐5 eV. SEM analysis showed the presence of distinctly agglomerated, lump‐like structures. The photocatalytic performance of Dy: MNbO NPs was evaluated for the degradation of industrial dyes, specifically direct green (DG) dye, under UV light irradiation. Among different doping concentrations, the 4 mol% Dy: MNbO NPs exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving an 82% degradation. In comparison, the degradation rates for other doping concentrations were 58% for 2 mol%, 62% for 6 mol%, and 75% for 8 mol%. Electrochemical analyses using 4 mol% Dy: MNbO NPs as a modified electrode were performed in a 0.1 M HCl electrolyte solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed the reversibility of the electrode reaction. The sample demonstrated excellent performance in electrochemical sensing applications, specifically for detecting ibuprofen and glucose molecules.

Purpose: This study presents a novel and sustainable approach to cancer therapy by combining halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), green‐synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, and curcumin (CUR). We demonstrate that the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles, when combined with CUR and incorporated into HNTs, enhances the delivery and anticancer effects of CUR. This innovative complex could address some of the critical limitations of current anticancer therapies such as poor pharmacokinetics and drug resistance by providing a controlled release mechanism and leveraging the benefits of combination therapy. Methods: We synthesized CuO using green synthesis with lemon peel extract and used this synthesized CuO to formulate a complex with HNT and CUR (CHC). Comprehensive characterization was conducted using UV‐visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We also examined the release kinetics of the formulation. In vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the anticancer effects of the complex on HMVII, HepG2, and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines. In addition, an in silico docking assessment and a 10 ns molecular dynamics simulation were conducted to determine the interaction between CUR and HNTs. Results: The characterization of HNTs loaded with CUR showed a drug loading efficiency of 3%–5% and an encapsulation efficiency of 15%–20%. Drug release kinetics were best described by the Hixson–Crowell model for CHC‐50 and CHC‐20, with R 2 = 0.9897 and R 2 = 0.9900 respectively. CHC‐10 fit the Higuchi model ( R 2 = 0.8838), while free CUR fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas model ( R 2 = 0.9212). The formulations demonstrated significant anticancer effects across all tested cell lines, with CHC‐10 showing the lowest IC 50 value of 10.43 μg/mL. The CHC formulations exhibited enhanced delivery and maintained significant anticancer activity compared to CUR across HepG2, MCF‐7, and HMVII cell lines, with lower IC50 values after UV exposure. Molecular docking analysis revealed a CUR–HNT binding score of −3.803, with the complex remaining stable over a 10 ns simulation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the successful integration of green‐synthesized CuO nanoparticles with CUR‐loaded HNTs as a novel approach to cancer therapy. The enhanced anticancer effects of the CHC‐10 formulation, coupled with the complex’s stability, suggest significant potential for improving cancer treatment outcomes. This innovative, sustainable approach addresses key limitations of current therapies, potentially offering more effective and patient‐friendly treatments with reduced side effects. Our findings pave the way for further development of targeted, environmentally conscious cancer therapies.