Background: Passive tobacco smoke exposure is a major risk factor for adverse respiratory outcomes in children. In the perioperative setting, it may increase airway reactivity, oxygen desaturation, and the need for postoperative respiratory support, but its impact on postoperative respiratory care remains underexplored. Objective: To examine the effect of passive tobacco smoke exposure on postoperative respiratory care in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: This prospective observational study included 255 children aged 1–12 years scheduled for elective or emergency surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups based on parental reports of passive smoke exposure. Baseline demographics, intraoperative respiratory events, and postoperative outcomes were recorded, including oxygen supplementation, desaturation episodes, airway complications, PACU stay, and hospital discharge timing. Results: Children exposed to passive smoke had significantly higher intraoperative laryngospasm (14.8% vs. 6.3%, p=0.02), bronchospasm (11.7% vs. 4.7%, p=0.04), and desaturation (21.1% vs. 9.4%, p=0.008). In PACU, supplemental oxygen was required more often in the exposed group (53.1% vs. 30.7%, p<0.001), with more frequent desaturation episodes (34.4% vs. 16.5%, p=0.002) and wheezing (21.1% vs. 8.7%, p=0.005). Exposed children also had longer PACU stays (1.9 ± 0.6 vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 hours, p<0.001) and were less likely to be discharged within 24 hours (69.5% vs. 85.0%, p=0.004). Logistic regression identified passive smoke exposure as an independent predictor of postoperative respiratory complications (aOR 2.54, 95% CI: 1.48–4.37, p=0.001). Conclusion: Passive tobacco smoke exposure is strongly associated with increased perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications in pediatric patients. Screening for smoke exposure during preoperative evaluation and providing parental counseling are essential.

Background: The number one cause of cancer-related deaths across the globe is metastatic spread of malignant tumors. To determine therapeutic targets, it is important to understand cellular and genetic changes that facilitate invasion, dissemination, and colonization. Although this field can be improved through genomics, the interactions between tumor-intrinsic alterations and the microenvironment are not fully outlined, and thus, current metastasis-preventive approaches are limited. Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine cellular changes and genetic mutations related to tumor metastasis, to examine individual patient features, and to examine clinical correlations that point to possible areas of therapeutic intervention. Study Design: A retrospective observational study. Place and Duration of study: Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, PIMS, Islamabad, Pakistan. Jan 2024 to December 2024 Methods: Review of 100 patients with histologically proven malignant tumors was a retrospective observational study. Institutional records were used to collect demographic and clinical data. Recurrent mutations in TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA of tumor tissue samples and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analyses comprised descriptive statistics, calculation of mean ages and standard deviation and comparison of groups using Student t-test with a significance level set to p < 0.05. Results: 100 patients (52 males and 48 females) were used as the cohort. The mean age was 59.4 years +- 11.2 SD. Genomic findings identified TP53 mutations in 45 percent of patients, KRAS mutations in 28 percent and PIK3CA mutations in 18 percent. Loss of E-cadherin expression was also found in 36 percent of samples and was associated with greater invasiveness. Analysis of the metastatic burden revealed that patients who had both TP53 and KRAS mutations had a much greater metastatic burden than patients without (p = 0.018). Clinical associations suggested that genetic changes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition signatures operated as a combined effect on progression, which underscored a suggestion that molecular heterogeneity is the basis of metastatic potential. Conclusion: We have shown that genetic mutations, together with cellular reprogramming (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) contribute to metastasis. Combined TP53 and KRAS mutations and their relationship with metastatic progression are correlated, which is important to identify potential risk stratification biomarkers. The combination of molecular and cellular analysis provides informative tools to develop therapies that will help intercept metastatic progression, which ultimately will raise the prognosis and survival rates in patients with progressive malignant tumors.

Background: To evaluate the effects of a mitochondria-targeted therapeutic intervention on mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and cardiac function in patients with DCM. Methods: This prospective, comparative study enrolled 71 patients with echocardiographically confirmed DCM between March 2023 and March 2024. Participants were assigned to either standard therapy (n=36) or standard therapy plus a mitochondria-targeted agent (n=35). Baseline and six-month follow-up assessments included echocardiographic parameters, NT-proBNP levels, HbA1c, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial function measures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (ATP production, ROS levels, respiratory chain complex I and IV activity, and mitochondrial DNA copy number). Results: Compared with the standard therapy group, the intervention group demonstrated significantly higher ATP production (p<0.001), increased complex I (p<0.001) and complex IV activity (p=0.002), and lower ROS levels (p<0.001). LVEF improved modestly (p=0.03), while NT-proBNP levels declined (p=0.01). HbA1c decreased slightly but significantly (p=0.03), and malondialdehyde levels were markedly reduced (p<0.001). No major adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Mitochondria-targeted therapy improved mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced selected cardiac performance indices in DCM patients. These findings support the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial pathways alongside conventional management.

This study aims to describe the bone cancer activity of N-Benzylideneaniline , In this compound was predicted potential drug in medicinal field confirmed by swiss ADME software. Further, analaysed the bone cancer activity of N-Benzylideneaniline by Autodocking study and find out the binding energy compound. in this study was confirmed is very potential bone cancer drug. So, In future, N-Benzylideneaniline may be very effective bone cancer drug in the soceity and medicinal field.

Background: To determine the frequency of hypoglycemia in preterm neonates and to evaluate the associated maternal and neonatal risk factors. Methods: ‘This prospective observational study was conducted over a one-year period from march 2023 to March 2024 at People's University of Medical and Health Sciences Nawabshah. A total of 81 preterm newborns with gestational age less than 37 weeks were enrolled. Relevant clinical and demographic data were collected, and blood glucose was measured within the first few hours of life. Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level below 40 mg/dL. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and associations were evaluated using Chi-square tests. Results: Out of the 81 preterm neonates, 28 (34.6%) developed hypoglycemia. The condition was significantly associated with gestational age <32 weeks (p = 0.001), birth weight <1500 grams (p < 0.001), maternal diabetes (p = 0.002), and maternal hypertension (p = 0.016). Administration of antenatal corticosteroids showed a protective effect (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Hypoglycemia is a common yet preventable complication in preterm infants, particularly among those with lower gestational age, low birth weight, and maternal comorbidities. These findings highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted preventive strategies in neonatal care.

Background: To compare the clinical outcomes of laser therapy and surgical excision in the treatment of facial skin lesions with a focus on healing time, postoperative discomfort, scar formation, and patient satisfaction. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted from April 2022 to June 2023 involving 69 patients with facial skin lesions. Participants were treated with either laser therapy (n=35) or surgical excision (n=34). Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Outcomes such as pain scores, healing duration, scar formation, and patient satisfaction were assessed and compared using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Patients in the laser group reported significantly lower postoperative pain (p < 0.001), faster healing time (p < 0.001), and reduced scar formation (p < 0.001) compared to the surgical group. Satisfaction scores were also higher among those who underwent laser treatment (p < 0.001). Although recurrence rates were slightly higher in the laser group, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.654). Conclusion: Laser therapy appears to be a more favorable option for managing benign facial skin lesions, offering advantages in terms of patient comfort, recovery, and cosmetic outcome. Surgical excision remains important for cases requiring complete lesion removal or histopathological evaluation

Haemophilic arthropathy is a chronic joint condition resulting from recurrent bleeding into joint spaces, predominantly affecting individuals with haemophilia. This condition leads to progressive joint damage, pain, and reduced mobility. This condition, deeply researched in modern medicine, contrasts with the Ayurvedic concept of Vata Rakta, which manifests as a painful condition involving blood (Rakta) and the Vata Dosha. While the two conditions are distinct in their etiology and pathophysiology, they share certain clinical features, such as bleeding and joint involvement. This article provides an in-depth review of haemophilic arthropathy and Vata Rakta, exploring their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment protocols from both modern and Ayurvedic perspectives. The review aims to bridge traditional and contemporary knowledge systems for a better understanding of these conditions

Background: Osteomyelitis often develops when a bone injury becomes exposed to germs, with open wounds accounting for nearly 80% of cases. Diagnosing the condition is complex and requires a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests for infection markers, and radiological imaging. This study focuses on identifying the aerobic bacterial isolates associated with osteomyelitis, evaluating their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and analyzing their resistance profiles within the community. Aim and Objective: To study the microbiological evaluation of osteomyelitis with special reference to antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates from a tertiary care hospital. Material&Methods: All clinically diagnosed Osteomyelitis samples like pus,swabs,synovial fluid,bone sequestrum,was collected under aseptic precautions. After receiving sample, it was immediately processed for culture and sensitivity according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 72 cases of osteomyelitis, 50 samples (69.4%) were culture positive, with a clear male predominance observed. Among these 50 culture-positive cases, the majority—33 patients (66%)—belonged to the age group of 21 to 50 years. The most commonly isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus, found in 14 cases (28%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 10 cases (20%), Enterococcus species in 8 cases (16%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) in 7 cases (14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 6 cases (12%), Escherichia coli in 3 cases (6%), and Proteus vulgaris in 2 cases (4%). Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed that 9 isolates (18%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 5 isolates (10%) were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS). Additionally, 3 isolates (6%) of Enterococcus showed resistance to aminoglycosides. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was seen in 3 isolates (6%), while 4 isolates (8%) showed combined ESBL and metallo-beta-lactamase(MBL) resistance. Two isolates (4%) exhibited both ESBL and AmpC resistance, and 4 isolates (8%) demonstrated resistance to ESBL, MBL, and Amp C enzymes simultaneously. Conclusion:Careful,Appropriate and timely care is needed to prevent osteomyelitis.MRSA screening of patients is mandatory before any elective surgical procedure to reduce cross transmission of infections.

Docetaxel, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the treatment of solid tumors such as breast, prostate, and lung cancer. However, its clinical use is limited by poor aqueous solubility, systemic toxicity, and multidrug resistance. The current study aimed to formulate and optimize lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNs) of Docetaxel for improved tumor targeting, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects. LPHNs were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method combining PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) as the polymeric core and lecithin/cholesterol as the lipid shell. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation parameters including lipid-to-polymer ratio, drug loading, and surfactant concentration. The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 145.3 ± 4.5 nm, PDI of 0.174, zeta potential of -22.6 ± 1.3 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 89.6 ± 2.1%. In vitro drug release studies revealed a biphasic release profile with sustained release over 72 hours. Cytotoxicity studies on MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells showed significantly higher anticancer activity for LPHNs compared to free drug. These findings indicate that Docetaxel-loaded LPHNs offer a promising nanocarrier system for targeted cancer therapy

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods , offering benefits like safety, sustainability, and enhanced bioactivity . This study focuses on the synthesis of AgNPs using leaf extracts from Adathoda vasica, Plectranthus amboinicus, Pimenta dioica and evaluates their antibacterial properties against selected pathogens. The plant-mediated synthesis relies on phytochemicals—such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds—which act as both reducing and stabilizing agents, facilitating the conversion of silver ions (Ag⁺) to elemental silver (Ag⁰) and providing stability to the nanoparticles. The formation of AgNPs confirmed by a characteristic color change and spectrophotometric analysis, showing absorption peaks between 350–500 nm, indicative of surface plasmon resonance. The synthesized nanoparticles were purified and tested for antibacterial efficacy using the agar well diffusion method against pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Results showed that AgNPs exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, especially AgNPs synthesized from Adathoda vasica. These findings reveal the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs in medical and environmental applications as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, especially in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.