The Xenorhabdus genus encompasses of the bacteria that forms symbiotic association with the Entomopathogenic nematodes of Steinernema genus. The Xenorhabdus spp. exhibits dual relationship of pathogenic relationship with insects and mutualistic relationship with the nematodes. The Xenorhabdus spp. isolation is performed using Galleria mellonella as a bait. Xenorhabdus spp. produces secondary metabolites that have various inhibitory activities, from insecticidal to anti-tumour activity, with mechanisms ranging from membrane disruption to inhibition of RNA, protein synthesis, and immune suppression. These activities have been employed in various fields such as agriculture field for pesticides, mosquito control for larvicide, in medicine for antibiotics and particularly in cancer therapy. The compounds like rhabduscin is used in insecticides, lecithinase in larvicide, Xenorhabdicin as antibiotic and rhabdopeptides in anti-tumour activity. In general, Xenorhabdus is an important but not thoroughly investigated resource for creating sustainable biocontrol agents and new therapeutic compounds.

Cities across Saudi Arabia are grappling with expanding rates of antimicrobial resistance, fuelled in part by overuse of antibiotics. Nevertheless, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance has been scanty, especially in regions such as Makkah, which renders this study to be very significant in shaping up the regional and national public health policies. The study has been conducted at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Makkah from November 2024 to April 2025. Both sexes were included (30-70 years of age). A total 960 specimens were obtained from patients at Al-Noor Hospital in Makkah. The positive culture rates were as follows: Escherichia coli 310, Klebsiella 233, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 157, Acinetobacter 114, Enterobacter 80 and Proteus 66. Highest number of1152 isolates in bacteriological examination was 148 from bronchial aspiration samples. Subsequent gastrointestinal symptoms (132) and urine C/S tests done (122). The findings indicated that 69.6% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 18.2% were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and 11.7% were pandrug resistant (PDR). We observed high susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. These results indicate a pan-drug resistance situation, which calls for continuous monitoring, research and development to prevent further spread of resistance, and to safeguard the efficacy of present regimens. This study infers that the resistance rates of antibiotics in pathogens are higher in the Kingdom and some of the world studies.

Ectoine is a valuable active compound produced by halophilic bacteria with broad applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The increasing industrial demand underscores the need for enhanced production capacity and drives the discovery of effective and efficient ectoine-producing bacteria strains. Although Indonesia possesses numerous high-salinity habitats, such as traditional salt ponds, the potential for novel ectoine-producing strains remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aims to isolate ectoine-producing bacteria from traditional salt ponds in Buleleng Regency and optimize the yield of potential isolates. Halophilic bacteria were initially cultivated from saltwater and soil samples on MM63 medium. The ectoine-producing capability of these isolates was then evaluated using a batch culture approach incorporating an osmotic shock step. Ectoine quantification was performed through reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography using a mobile phase of water/acetonitrile (95/5). To maximize production, a series of optimization experiments determined the ideal media composition, initial pH, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The results showed that seven ectoine-producing halophilic bacteria were successfully isolated, with one of the best isolates being Halomonas huangheensis LES5 AG4. The application of osmotic shock increased ectoine production by up to 3.6-fold, specifically from 94 mg/L to 335 mg/L. Furthermore, ectoine production was significantly increased to 646 mg/L after optimizing several key factors, including ammonium chloride (0.47% w/v), glycerol (1.42% w/v), NaCl (11.67% w/v), Initial pH (7.1), incubation temperature (30 °C), and incubation time (16 hours). These results show that Halomonas huangheensis LES5 AG4 holds significant potential for development as an industrial-scale ectoine producer.

A bacterial strain isolated from chilli pepper was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using VITEK 2, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Designated SBCHGBA1, this strain was assessed for its ability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus species and suppress aflatoxin synthesis. On trypticase soy agar, SBCHGBA1 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus MTCC2798 and Aspergillus parasiticus MTCC411. Among 15 Aspergillus flavus strains tested, 13 produced detectable aflatoxin levels (7.0-257.4 µg/l) in trypticase soy broth after 14 days at 25 °C. Remarkably, co-cultivation with SBCHGBA1 completely inhibited aflatoxin production in all except in one strain. Additionally, a 77% reduction in aflatoxin content was observed in chilli pepper inoculated with Aspergillus flavus MTCC2798 when co-cultured with SBCHGBA1. These findings highlight Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SBCHGBA1 as a promising biocontrol agent for mitigating aflatoxin contamination in chilli peppers and related food systems.

Rotavirus is a significant global health concern, causing severe diarrhea in young children and imposing a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. To tackle this and improve public health, the development of effective rotavirus vaccines as well as quality control testing of vaccines are crucial. This comprehensive review explores the historical context of rotavirus vaccine development, the various vaccine types and approaches in use today, and the critical selection of vaccine strains. It also delves into the formulation of rotavirus vaccines, the role of epidemiological studies in tracking disease prevalence and transmission patterns, and the essential quality control measures for vaccine production. Analytical methods for quality control, such as antigen characterization, potency assays, identity testing, sterility and safety testing, and stability studies, are discussed. Before being released onto the market, a quality control evaluation should be completed at national control laboratories, as this ensures the vaccine’s safety and quality. The review highlights the challenges associated with rotavirus detection, including sample handling, cross-reactivity, and specificity issues. Additionally, it addresses the impact of rotavirus vaccines on public health and emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and monitoring as according to the latest WHO and national regulatory guidelines, these vaccines are closely monitored for their safety and effectiveness. The review concludes by outlining current challenges, innovations, and future perspectives in the field of rotavirus vaccination, underscoring the ongoing commitment to combat this pervasive and dangerous pathogen.

Efforts are underway globally to eradicate malnutrition by encouraging optimal growth and health. Certainly, one of the main essential components of long-term, excellent health is food. Natural polyphenols possess a diversity of positive health advantages and are a significant part of foods produced from plants. They may be regarded as non-essential nutrients. However, polyphenols may also have negative consequences, regardless of the circumstances, dosage, and relations to the environment, just like any other molecule. Polyphenols’ biological properties and their possible application in disease prevention are examined. The study examined the mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic properties of polyphenols, as well as their prooxidative activity. The current study describes the potential adverse consequences of consuming polyphenols, particularly through supplements, and delivers an in-depth examination of the recent research regarding the detrimental impacts of polyphenols on human health. Consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds reduces the probability of growing several persistent medical conditions, which are the primary contributors to premature death and disability globally. It is essential that the importance of public education regarding the application of various polyphenols and their effects, including their adverse effects in today’s society, be emphasised.

Agriculture plays a crucial role in Indonesia’s economy, and milk is recognized as a vital component of the human diet due to its high nutritional value. In Indonesia, some farmers do not immediately transport their milk to Village Unit Cooperatives, which serve as Milk Collection Centres, leading to delays that can span several hours. Delays of this type may result in the raw milk becoming low quality and tend to generate a lower farmer payout price. The objective of this research was to determine the dynamics of milk quality immediately post-milking after 0, 2, and 4 h of storage. Samples from seven milk cans were collected in May 2025 at Lucky Farm, Medowo, Kediri Regency, East Java. The samples were further separated into two groups for TPC and Lactoscan analysis. Three treatments were tested: T0 (baseline) at 0 hours; T1, stored in an incubator at 28 °C for 2 hours; and T2, stored under the same conditions for 4 hours. Statistical analysis showed that TPC results differed significantly between treatments 4.93, 5.14 and 5.65 cfu/mL of milk for T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The Lactoscan analysis revealed significant changes in fat, density, and salt content. These data highlight the importance of delivering milk to collection centers as quickly as possible to minimize bacterial growth and maintain optimal quality.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are commonly prevalent in obstetrics and gynaecology settings and Indian data from this specific patient population are lacking. This retrospective study collected microbiological urine reports from Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department over a period of two years. A total of 5903 urine samples were screened and 383 bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed. Of the 383 isolates, 77.02% (295/383) were from OPD patients and 22.97% (88/383) from IPD patients. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were the two most common uropathogens, their prevalence being 225/383 (58.7%) and 40/383 (10.4%), respectively. E. coli showed 100% susceptibility to fosfomycin in both OPD (193/193) and IPD (32/32) patients. Klebsiella spp. showed 0% (36/36) and 25% (1/4) susceptibility to nitrofurantoin among OPD and IPD isolates, respectively. Our study emphasizes the importance of microbiological report in UTI caused by Klebsiella spp. prior to nitrofurantoin empirical therapy which is largely ineffective in our geographical settings.

The vaginal microbiota is a critical component of female reproductive and urogenital health, predominantly maintained by Lactobacillus species. These bacteria play a vital role in sustaining a low vaginal pH by producing lactic acid and antimicrobial substances, providing natural defense against pathogenic colonization. The hormonal alterations linked to menopause, especially the reduction in oestrogen levels, significantly influence the composition and stability of the vaginal microbiome, making women vulnerable to infections and inflammation. This investigation sought to assess and contrast the vaginal microbiome composition in women before and after menopause. Using Gram-stain microscopy, conventional culture methods, and molecular techniques, specifically Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), to assess Lactobacillus abundance and the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted by comparing two groups of women: 40 premenopausal and 40 postmenopausal, for a total of 80 participants. Vaginal swabs were collected and subjected to Gram staining, culture on selective media for Candida spp., and PCR/qPCR analysis to detect and quantify key bacterial species, including Lactobacillus spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, and Atopobium vaginae. SPSS Version 25 was employed for conducting. The statistical analysis yielded data viewed significant at p < 0.05. Microscopic observation revealed that 85% of premenopausal women had Nugent scores indicating a healthy Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota, while only 35% of postmenopausal women showed similar results. PCR and qPCR analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in Lactobacillus spp. in postmenopausal women, with Lactobacillus crispatus copy numbers declining from 4.5 × 10¹¹ to 1.2 × 10¹¹ copies/mL. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella spp. increased significantly in postmenopausal women. Additionally, Candida spp. colonization was high in the postmenopausal group (15%) compare to the premenopausal group (5%). The findings confirm a significant shift in vaginal microbiota composition due to menopausal hormonal changes. The depletion of Lactobacillus spp. and the concurrent rise in pathogenic bacteria in postmenopausal women underscore the need for targeted interventions, such as probiotic therapies or hormone replacement treatments, to restore microbial balance and reduce infection risks.

Drug resistance in pathogens represents an escalating global health challenge, particularly in Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. The emergence of drug-resistant strains complicates treatment and highlights the need for rapid and accurate detection methods. In P. falciparum, resistance has been largely attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key genes such as PfMDR1, PfKelch13, and PfCRT, which are associated with resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies and chloroquine—two mainstays of antimalarial treatment. This study aimed to develop a bioinformatics pipeline capable of analyzing P. falciparum genomic sequences to detect and annotate SNPs that may confer drug resistance. The pipeline was implemented on the Galaxy online analysis platform using its workflow function. It processes both reference and sample sequences through alignment, mutation detection, SNP selection, and annotation based on a reference general feature format. Although no SNPs were identified directly within known drug resistance genes in the analyzed samples, the developed pipeline successfully detected and annotated SNPs across the chromosomes containing these genes. This approach provides a practical framework for future applications in point-of-care detection and surveillance of drug-resistant P. falciparum strains.