Farmers are both decreasing in number and aging overall, and so it is essential that a new “crop” of farmers be generated. The number of high-quality fruit production areas remains the same as it ever was. However, substantial experience of several years is necessary before one can master fruit cultivation methods; therefore, it is difficult to derive a stable income level during that experience- gathering period. Therefore, this study examines important production methods by which that income can be earned. We selected Okayama as the study area and muscat as a high-quality fruit, and we found that the introduction of muscat production in processing leads to the earning of a more stable income; in addition, these conditions lead to fewer work hours among the farmers thus employed, and they help mitigate the risk of failure.

The main objective of this paper is to clarify the present situation and factors of deviation between economic surplus and cash flow in the farm household economy.The analysis results are as follows. Firstly, the present situation of deviation is as follows.1) The deviation expanded from 1970 to 1992 or 1994,hence this period was called “the expansion term of deviation”.2) The deviation contracted from 1992 or 1994 to 2003,hence this period was called “the reduction term of deviation”.3) In 2003, the rate of deviation (=the amount of deviation/surplus of the farm household economy) was as large as −80%.Secondly, it was clarified as follows as to the factors of deviation.1) The expansion factors of the deviation in “the expansion term of deviation” are as follows. They were expenditure of purchasing fixed assets, and the increase of fixed deposits and savings.2) The reduction factors of the deviation in “the reduction term of deviation” are as follows. They were the depreciation expense in a household economy, the income of the debt, and the depreciation expense in business.

A prime example of the difference in measures taken by the Republic of Belarus and Japan at present is the presence of laws and regulations concerning the measurement of radioactive contamination. The preparation of laws and regulations is crucial to the organization of an inspection system. Furthermore, the most fundamental data analysis at present, the creation of a radiation dose distribution map, ought to be a core element for radioactive contamination countermeasures. Explanations for why harmful rumors created by dialogue about risk with consumers have yet to be overcome can be linked to the fact that consumers are unable to confirm their own safety. In such a situation, it is not enough to thrust upon consumers reassurance alone.

Rural households in developing countries are often faced with unpredictable shocks to their economy which maketheir flow of income unstable. A number of studies in recent literature investigate the consumption smoothing mechanisms through “social network”. However, these studies have focused on the “social network” formed through reciprocal bilateral relationships although in reality,the gifts and loans through other types of relationships including remittance from migrants and donations from the village community also contribute to risk-pooling of rural households. This paper investigates how rural households deal with such shocks, using data collected from Cambodia. We show that gifts and zero interest loans can mitigate the negative impact of shocks such as illness, injury, and death of family member on household economy not only through reciprocal bilateral relations but through other types of relationships. We also show that rural households are more likely to sell their assets when they are faced with these shocks. These findings differ from those of the existing literature.

This work has clarified some recent problems at dairy agricultural cooperatives as well as the effects of mergers upon operations. First, mergers between dairy agricultural cooperatives primarily occur when the cooperatives are unable to leverage their various business functions due to a reduction in the scale of operations caused by a lower number of milk-producing households and a drop-off in business. Also, reducing the number of employees, closing branch offices, and scaling back certain projects subsequent to mergers produces a temporary improvement in operational balance of payments. However, the subsequent reduction in the number of milk-producing households and in business activity cancels out the effects of mergers. This creates the need for further mergers. Also, financial operations at dairy agricultural cooperatives have the following special characteristics. First, with regard to operational balance of payments, the cooperative’s primary business activities run a deficit, and the current profitability of the cooperative depends largely upon non-business earnings such as land rental fees, mutual insurance fees,miscellaneous interest, investment dividends received,and so on. With regard to balance of payments, dairy agricultural cooperatives resemble multi-purpose agricultural cooperatives, which make up for the deficits incurred by the agricultural business with earnings from credit and mutual insurance businesses.

The research in this paper has two goals. One is to examine the finance circulation of Japan’s household economy based on an analysis of finance circulation. The other is to present the deviation factor between gross income and cashflow with regard to the income activity sector of the household economy.The results of this analysis are stated below. First, we focus on the finance circulation.The household expenditure rate of the household economy, as finance, is subject to annual increase.Household and operation activities balance out.Then, the results concerning the factors of deviation in expansion and reduction are given.The expansion and reduction periods of the deviation depend on the investment activity of the businesses.This investment activity is described by considering the macro environment.The investment activities in this paper refer to the purchase and expenditure of fixed assets and the fixed amount deposits.

中国では化学肥料や農薬の過度な使用が環境へ及ぼす効果が問題視され，肥料投入を適切に管理する配合施肥技術が注目されている．しかし，高額な費用がその普及の妨げとなっていることから，中国政府は普及を目的とした補助事業を2005年に開始した．そこで本論文ではDEAを援用し，補助事業が中国の稲作生産の効率性に与える影響の定量的な評価を行った．分析の結果，全ての分析対象地において生産効率が格段に向上しており，また生産要素の使用が効率化されていることから補助事業の有効性が確認された．

This study takes Iwamura district as a case study area to examine how the traditional governancesystems of local organizations such as neighborhood associations and local government interventions influence theestablishment and functions of a new governing institution, the Machidzukuri council. This council was established as a coalition of existing community organizations, which inherited the existing organizational decision-making process. In particular, after the establishment of the council, the government of Ena continued to subsidize community organizations even after being subordinated by the council, which seemed to maintain the traditional governing structure instead of helping the council embrace the roles played by those traditional organizations. In order to improve the situation, we contend that the council should build a shared vision by listening to the voices of community organizations so that they can be effectively coordinated under the new institution. The government of Ena should also be careful when subsidizing community o rganizations in order to avoidimpeding the effective functioning of the council.

In this study, the expected knowledge of dieticians working in food industries was investigated using the Delphi technique. The results of this study indicated that the most expected knowledge was on the subject concerning “clinical nutrition.” Dieticians working in food industries advise consumers and other dieticians working in hospitals on issues regarding nutrition and health. The results indicated an additional desire to learn about recent developments in the field of clinical nutrition.

In recent years, initiatives for the conservation of accessible natural resources have increased, but it is still difficult to make many inhabitants recognize their value and importance, which have often not been made clearbecause of the focus given to endanger ed species and natural monument.The purpose of this study is to examine thecurrent conservation direction by clarifying theinhabitant evaluation structure concerning accessible natural resources.The main conclusions are as following; old inhabitants evaluate them from experiences of having become familiar with Ayumodoki, while new inhabitants value them based on recognitions of the ecosystem and endangered species.