In modern legal science, there is often a problem of insufficient attention to the scientific heritage of prominent representatives of various law schools. This leads to the loss of historical memory, makes it difficult to understand the specifics of the development of Russian legal science and weakens the links between historical traditions and modern legal research. In this regard, there is a need to restore the historical heritage to ensure the continuity of knowledge and strengthen the scientific foundations of legal education. Russian legal science, which continues to be shaped by the influence of many law schools, is undergoing constant changes, while maintaining continuity with legal traditions, which requires understanding the contribution of law schools to the formation of modern legal science, as well as understanding the role law schools play in preserving and transmitting scientific knowledge. The panel session held on September 26, 2024 within the framework of the III Kazan International Law Forum and dedicated to the 220th anniversary of Kazan University and the anniversaries of leading scientists. The review provides a summary of the speeches of the session participants, which gives an idea of the scientific traditions of various law schools.

The article is devoted to the problem of determining the legal status of new subjects of information law in the context of the digital transformation of public relations. The purpose of the article is to form a public‑law conceptual approach to the process of the emergence of new subjects of information law and to develop recommendations based on this approach to improve their legal status. To achieve this goal: socio‑political, socio‑economic and technological factors influencing the emergence of new subjects of information law have been identified; approaches existing in legal regulation and legal theory to the transformation of the legal status of subjects of information law under the influence of these factors have been defined; an analysis of modern approaches to defining and improving the legal statuses of existing and new subjects of information law has been carried out. During the analysis of the factors, an experiment was conducted to determine approaches to subjects of information law based on the Deep Seek artificial intelligence system. The research methodology is based on the use of comparative legal analysis and legal modeling. Based on the study, recommendations have been formulated for the development of the system of subjects of information law and for determining their legal status, including the definition of a general legal status and its subsequent specification in sectoral legislation and subordinate regulatory legal acts.

Modern criminal justice faces new challenges due to digitalization and the potential implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Despite their potential to enhance the efficiency of criminal justice, these technologies pose risks and threats to the fundamental principles of criminal procedure, such as fairness, transparency, adversarial proceedings, and judicial independence. Special attention is given to the opacity of AI algorithms, which may undermine trust in the justice system. Furthermore, the lack of a clear regulatory framework for the use of AI creates additional legal risks for participants in criminal proceedings. The study aims to identify the risks and threats of integrating AI into criminal justice and to develop recommendations for establishing a risk management system. The goals include detection challenges arising from the digital transformation of criminal procedural activities, study of regulatory frameworks governing the digitalization of public administration, assessing the compatibility of AI technologies with traditional principles of criminal procedure, and proposing measures to mitigate risks. The study employs a risk-oriented approach, which involves risk identification, analysis, and management. The authors categorize risks into several types: geopolitical, infrastructural, operational, project-related, information security, and legal risks. The methods used include analysis of regulatory frameworks, forecasting, and a systematic approach to integrating AI into criminal justice. The study outlines the stages of creating a risk management system, including planning, identification, analysis, and management. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the need for a legal framework to regulate the use of AI technologies in criminal proceedings and highlights the importance of establishing a system to monitor, prevent, and manage risks. Such a system would facilitate the effective integration of new technologies while preserving the fundamental principles of criminal justice. In this context, enhancing the transparency of the criminal justice system and defining a core risk management strategy are of particular urgency and significance.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the legal regulation of state information systems of the subjects of the Russian Federation and their correlation with guarantees of constitutional rights of citizens. The relevance of the research topic is due to the special significance of regional state information systems in the implementation of the constitutional rights of individuals and citizens in the modern information environment. Problems arising in the legislation and law enforcement activities of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of state information systems are examined. The purpose of the study is to determine the features and specifics of legal regulation of state information systems of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the identification of these problems is regulated by subsequent proposals to improve legislation and law enforcement practice in this area. Research objectives: analysis of the norms of regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adjusting these systems; identification of the specifics of regional approaches in the relevant regulation; study of law enforcement practice and preservation of foreign experience in this area; determination of the role of state information systems of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the constitutional implementation of human and civil rights. Currently, regional state information systems represent new tools for the realization of citizens’ constitutional rights, the regulation of which is dominated by subordinate legislation. Considering the rapid development of information systems, it seems that a balanced approach is a framework legal regulation of regional state information systems through a law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, containing guarantees of citizens’ constitutional rights when they are implemented electronically with the help of relevant information systems, on the basis of which subordinate regulation should be carried out. It is proven that the practice of implementing constitutional rights of citizens exclusively in electronic form through a regional state information system has negative consequences for the constitutional and legal status of a citizen, limiting the possibility of exercising constitutional rights, and in case of technical failures, makes implementation impossible.

Taking into account the active reform of the system of state control and supervision, the issues of theoretical and legal justification of control and supervisory activities of public authorities become relevant. The author raises the problem of the modern content of the theory of control and supervisory legal relations, taking into account the evolution of existing scientific approaches to control and supervisory activities. The objectives of the study are: designation of existing approaches to the theoretical and legal justification of control and supervisory activities; substantiation of the modern content of the theory of control and supervisory legal relations, characteristics of its basic provisions; identification and characteristics of current trends in the development of the theory of control and supervisory legal relations. Research methodology: methods of systematic and comparative analysis, legal formalization, structuring and classification, structural-diachronic method. The results of the study were the provisions on the modern structure of the theory of control and supervisory legal relations, based on the recognition of the presence of two levels of legal relations in state control and supervision, their regulation by legal norms, the need to distinguish between real legal relations and their normatively established model. It is concluded that the theory of control and supervisory legal relations is an integral part of the theory of legal relations and in its development reflects the following trends: simultaneous and actually multidirectional processes of unification and differentiation of regulation of control and supervisory impact; a combination of the dominance of procedural regulation and framework regulation; the impact of digitalization of state control and supervision on the tools of control and supervisory impact, the system of legal statuses of participants in control and supervisory legal relations; allocation of supranational regulation of individual areas of state control and supervision in the context of economic integration; strengthening of connectivity with other forms of managerial interaction; consideration of control and supervisory legal relations in the context of various higher-level systems. The influence of the theory of control and supervisory legal relations on the development of administrative law science as a whole is substantiated.

The article is devoted to the study of the current state of interaction between the law of international treaties and the law of armed conflicts, as well as the prospects for their further harmonization. The purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for harmonization of the law of international treaties and the law of armed conflicts and to find points of their normative interaction that aimed at building a unambiguous and mutually consistent system of international law.To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: 1) study of the completeness and sufficiency of the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties to regulate the operation of international treaties during the armed conflicts; 2) assessment of the prospects for the introduction of special legal regulation based on draft articles of the International Law Commission on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties; 3) study of the established practice regarding the suspension and termination of international treaties. During the research, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative legal and formal legal methods, forecasting methods, classification, etc. were applied. The article contains the conclusion that it is necessary to continue the harmonization of the law of international treaties and the law of armed conflicts, taking into account the continuing lack of a full­ fledged consensus on this issue. The evidence of the need to develop coordinated legal solutions is the work carried out by the International Law Commission to create draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties. This document is a combination of lex ferenda and lex lata. Further international legal regulation in this area will focus on solving problems related to the legal regulation of the operation of international treaties in the context of non­international armed conflicts, as well as the priority of suspending the operation of international treaties, rather than their termination for the period of hostilities.

The article is devoted to the actualization of the law-forming potential of discretion as a systemic element of the legal consciousness of the subjects of law-making activity. Based on the dilemma existing in the general theory of law related to the identification of sources and forms of law, the authors of the article solve the problem of their differentiation. In order to overcome the indicated dilemma, the authors propose to transform the triad, traditional for Russian theoretical legal science, combining material, ideological-theoretical and formal-legal sources of law into a dualistic system based on the differentiation of sources (material, ideological-theoretical and psychological-legal) and forms of law as immanently related, but not identical phenomena. By means of the method of paired categories and the principle of determinism, a correlation of the origins and forms of law has been established, within which, according to the authors, the origins of law are important determinants of objective law. It is proposed to supplement the list of sources of law by including psychological and legal sources that combine elements of the legal consciousness of law-making subjects. Based on the understanding of discretion as an element of the legal consciousness of law-making subjects, the authors conclude that this category should be considered as the psychological and legal source of law, which has a significant impact on the law-making process in conditions of both stable and emergency legal regimes.

The article considers the urgent problem of functioning of the institution of trial by jury in modern Russia. Despite the constitutional guarantees and democratic significance, the practice of application of this institution reveals a number of problems related to the formation of panels, competence of jurors, influence of external factors and statistics of acquittals. The purpose of the study is to identify key problems of functioning of trial by jury and develop proposals for their solution. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: analysis of statistical data on consideration of cases with participation of jurors, study of practical experience of supporting the prosecution in such cases, identification of problematic aspects of functioning of trial by jury, development of proposals for improvement of legal regulation and optimization of the mechanism of trial by jury. The following research methods were used in the work: analysis of statistical data, comparative legal analysis, analysis of judicial practice, generalization of practical experience, systems approach. The results of the study include identification of the main problems of the jury trial, such as: the duration of case consideration, insufficient competence of jurors, the influence of the media and public opinion, and the high frequency of cancellation of acquittals. Based on the analysis of the identified problems, specific measures are proposed to improve the jury trial institution, including: changing the jurisdiction of cases, expanding the grounds for changing jurisdiction, modernizing the procedure for informing candidates, establishing liability for the dissemination of information that can influence jurors, and others. A conclusion has been formulated regarding the need to rethink the very philosophy of the jury court institution, to resolve the emerging existential crisis, and to seek hybrid models that combine the people’s element with expert assessment and digital tools. The proposed measures aim to optimize the functioning of the jury court within the existing legal and social environment, improve its efficiency, and ensure fair justice.

The expansion of the list of intangible benefits dictates further legal understanding of their meaning and protection. The author of the article reflects on two major theoretical problems, setting the task of their optimal resolution. First of all, the issue of the position of personal non-property rights in circulation is raised. In view of the increasing involvement of these facilities in commercial activities, it is proposed to return to the term “personal rights”. Next, the issue of responsibility for the violation of intangible assets is raised. According to the most explicit interpretation of the provisions of civil legislation, a person, in accordance with Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and a person as an ordinary citizen, according to the general provisions of Chapter 8 of the Civil Code, must use different protection regimes in combination with the basic remedy — reimbursement for damages. In the form of important results, three possibilities are found to apply for damages: first, when it is explicitly provided for in violation of personal rights consisting of intangible benefits, honor, dignity, and business reputation; secondly, when the objects of protection under discussion are related to an individuality, and these are life, health, personal integrity, authorship, and here Chapter 59 of the Civil Code, or rather, Art. 1082, according to which the court is given the opportunity to award damages instead of compensation in kind; thirdly, due to the violation of any personal rights based on Art. 15 of the Civil Code. It seems that such a disposition is favorable for the protection of intangible assets, the holders of the rights in question, who should enjoy the highest degree of protection according to international regulatory standards.

Amnesty and pardon are often seen as special forms of state encouragement for individuals who have previously committed offenses. This nature of theirs cannot be considered accurate. Each of them has its own, but sometimes coinciding in procedural status, addressees and official subjects, and are reflected in the relevant legal acts. There is no single approach in the doctrine to defining the normative nature and sectoral affiliation of the institutions of amnesty and pardon. This paper attempts to justify their complex (intersectoral) nature, while the basis of the legal regulation of amnesty and pardon is formed by the norms of constitutional (state) law, the provisions of which are concretized in the norms of criminal, administrative and criminal procedure law, taking into account the specifics of their subject matter. Based on the analysis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation regulating amnesty and pardon, the following conclusions have been formulated. The constitutional and legal regulation of amnesty cannot be recognized as legally correct, since the declaration of amnesty by the State Duma through a resolution involves the withdrawal of federal laws from effect. The decrees of the President of Russia on pardon are considered by the authors as acts of legal application, relying on the relevant provisions of the Constitution, taking into account the prescriptions of sectoral norms that do not allow these acts to violate the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens in terms of choosing specific forms (methods) of pardon.