The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two concentrations of aqueous crude extract from Ficus carica leaves on fruit fly numbers, sex ratios, and generations, as well as laboratory albino mouse sperm abnormalities. Fruit flies were given the concentrations of 1% marked as C1 and 2% marked as C2 in culture media and allowed to complete their life cycle at an acceptable temperature (25o C±2) in an incubator. Same concentrations were given to the tested mice in drinking water. Each treatment consisted of five replications, with untreated mice and flies serving as the control groups. Fruit fly findings were seen in the first and second generations, and mouse sperm morphology was examined one month following treatment. The results revealed that tested concentrations had no significant impact (P≤0.05) on the quantity of fruit flies mean values were (40.650 ± 2.40 5and 39.250 ± 2.624) froe first and second concentrations compared to 34.550 ± 2.12 in control group, but they did have a significant impact (P≤0.05) on the sex ratio (shifted toward females (40.733 ± 1.969) in comparison to males (35.566 ± 1.838), least significant differences(L.S.D.) were = 5.148, and generation-concentration interactions, the highest number were recorded was females in second generation (42.900 ± 2.203). The treated mice showed Significant effect of concentrations on sperm without tail and highly significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm without hook (mean values were 5.6 ± 0.37 and 2.0 ± 0.44 in high concentration while in control group the values were 2.0 ± 0.44 and1.0 ± 0.44) for both aberrations respectively. Our results clearly indicated change in sex ratio among treated fruit flies and induction of some morphologic changes in mice sperms after treatment of fig leaves aqueous crud extract.

A hormone of the incretin system known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is important for a number of glucoregulatory functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of inhibitors on the vasorelaxant response of GLP-1 in T1D rats. A single subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was used to develop diabetes mellitus. Eighty aortic rings from twenty male albino rats were prepared. An Automatic Organ Bath was used. In our study, apocynin increased vascular response to GLP- 1 in the non-diabetic group with (Emax:72.40±0.350) and (pD2: -9.923±0.444). In induced diabetes, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor decreased GLP-1 vasodilatation property with (Emax; 68.91±2.002) and (pD2: -9.480±0.138). The results show that bisindolylmaleimide IX (RO31-8220) has an increased effect on GLP-1 vasodilation in non-diabetic groups with (Emax:88.45±38.18) and (pD2: -10.81±0.281). While in induced diabetic rat’s vascular relaxation of GLP-1 decreased with (Emax: 77.73±2.801) and (pD2: - 10.28±0.203). The data analysis demonstrated that rotenone with (Emax: 63.69±35.10) (pD2: - 9.612±0.246), and in diabetic rats with (Emax:69.98±22.94) and (pD2: -9.612±0.246). In our study oxypurinol with (Emax: 82.16±16.10) and (pD2: - 9.434±0.443), and in diabetic rats with (Emax: 58.03±8.350) and (pD2: -9.612±0.246). We concluded that inhibitors could increase the vasorelaxant response of GLP-1 in non-diabetic rats, while this vasorelaxant response of GLP-1 diminished in diabetic-induced rats.

Background:Cardamom has a variety of pharmacological properties.Objectives:This study examined the potential anti-lipogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic, and renal effects of Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (CEO-NLC) in rats fed high-lipid diets.Methodology:Male Sprague Dawley rats (No.= 42) were divided into 7 groups. The negative control group was fed standard normal rat chaw; the positive control group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD); the LCEO-NLC group was fed HFD and low doses of CEO-NLC, HCEO-NLC group fed HFD and high amount of CEO-NLC, atorvastatin group fed HFD with atorvastatin, atorvastatin/LCEO-NLC group fed HFD with atorvastatin in combination with LCEO-NLC, and CEO group fed HFD with CEO. All drenching processes were done for 14 consecutive weeks. The body weights were measured, and blood samples were taken to determine lipid profile, renal/hepatic enzymes, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.Results:The LCEO-NLC, HCEO-NLC, atorvastatin, and atorvastatin/LCEO-NLC groups showed a lower body weight than the PC group (p<0.05). Compared with the PC group, the LCEO-NLC and other HFD groups significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Supplementation with LCEO-NLC decreases the ALP to 193.3 U/L vs 388.5 U/L in PC, while HCEO-NLC, atorvastatin and CEO groups recorded less improvement in ALP. The ALT and AST were significantly high (p<0.05) in the LCEO-NLC group when compared to NC or PC groups, and this increase was still high in the atorvastatin/LCEO-NLC group or in HCEO-NLC. The mean TSB was 0.125 mg/dl in the PC group, the mean was lower (0.117 mg/dl) in the LCEO-NLC group, and more decline was recorded (0.099 mg/dl) in the HCEO-NLC group. All study groups which received CEO-NLC did not show a significant change in urea/creatinine levels. The IL-1 and TNF-α were lowered in the LCEO-NLC group, while the HCEO-NLC group did not show a cytokine decline.Conclusions:CEO-NLC could control the rise in serum cholesterol and triglyceride but did not cause significant changes in renal function. Different doses of CEO-NLC had effects on liver enzymes and bilirubin. There were mild non-significant effects of atorvastatin on coadministration with CEO-NLC. Low concentrations of CEO-NLC cause reduce in the IL-1 and TNF-α but not IL-6.

Genetic algorithm (GA) is global numerical optimization approach is based on the genetic recombination and assessment in nature. This kind of optimization can be utilized to optimize the amplitude, phase levels and spacing distribution for the elements of an antenna array to achieve its best performance. In this study the genetic algorithm of the 4NEC2X software has been used to optimize the element spacing ( of both a uniform and non-uniform (Binomial and Chebyshev) current excitation for 10-element, 2.4 GHz linear broadside dipole antenna arrays. As a consequence, for the above-mentioned array antennas the spacing optimization yielded a notable improve in their directivity and Gain (dBi), such that for the uniform current excitation the gain was reached to 14.8dBi and for both Binomial and Chebyshev non-uniform current excitation the gain increased to 12.57 dBi and 15.04 dBi respectively.

Background: The main prominent and classical symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis is intermittent neurogenic claudication, which is characterized by pain, aching, cramping, and paresthesia in the lower extremities induced by standing, walking, and back extension. Surgical decompression is the best choice when conservative methods fail. There are various decompressive techniques have been introduced, among them flavectomy with foraminotomy (F/F) and hemilaminectomy with foraminotomy (H/F).
 
 Objectives: To compare the outcomes of F/F versus H/F, in patients with neurogenic claudication and to determine the predictors that may interfere with the outcomes.
 
 Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with lumbar spinal stenosis having neurogenic claudication were divided into two groups sequentially. The first group (n=10) underwent F/F, and the other group (n=11) underwent H/F. Follow-up was done in the first and sixth months postoperatively for postoperative complications, Oswestry disability index (ODI), claudication distance, and patients' satisfaction regarding symptoms.
 
 Results: In the last follow-up, the first group, after F/F, showed improvement in walking distance as 80% reported unlimited,10% improved with >1500 m, and 10% less improved with 500 m. These cases got lesser ODI scores and mostly were <10% despite one case remaining with moderate disability. Patient satisfaction rates were higher but not significant. While those who underwent H/F, nearly 40% showed unlimited walking distance, 45% improved with >1000 m, the remaining reported less improvement, and one remained with <100 m walking distance. Their ODI scores were higher than the previous group, mostly >10%, and 2 cases remained with moderate disability and complained of remaining back ache and leg paresthesia while improving in walking distance.
 
 Conclusions: both surgical procedures showed benefits in treating lumbar spinal stenosis, but F/F is better than H/F due to its high success and patient satisfaction rate. It can significantly improve a patient's quality of life by increasing postoperative walking distance, resolving neurogenic claudication, reducing ODI score, and relieving back pain, lower limbs pain, and paresthesia postoperatively. The increase in age is associated with less improvement after both procedures.

Background: The frequency of valvular heart disease (VHD) among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients varies in the literature ranging between 3-70%. This considerable variability might be attributed to the examined population's varied genetic backgrounds and the different methodologies utilized to identify valvular disease. VHD resulting in severe symptomatic aortic insufficiency is an uncommon RA consequence.
 
 Objectives: This study aimed to look for cardiac valve involvement in RA patients and determine whether it is linked with disease activity and duration.
 
 Methods: Fifty RA patients were recruited consecutively, 5 were males, and 45 were females, aged 27 to 65 years, with a mean of 49.86 ± 9.98. All patients were free from cardiac diseases and underwent entire history, physical examination, laboratory test, and transthoracic echocardiography. The findings were compared to those of age and gender-matched controls, who had no rheumatic and cardiac diseases.
 
 Results: Valvular lesions were found in 18 (36%) RA patients, whereas only 2 (4%) of the controls had valvular lesions (p= 0.000063). The most frequently affected valve was the mitral valve 11(61%). There was no relationship between VHD and the duration of the disease, clinical disease activity index (CDAI) score, body mass index (BMI), and smoking.
 
 Conclusions: This study has confirmed that VHD (specific to the mitral valve) is significantly higher in RA patients compared with the control sample. There was no correlation between VHD and RA's disease duration, clinical, laboratory, or treatment characteristics.

A Detailed calcareous nannofossils study for the Mushorah Formation from subsurface section at Az. (29) well, Ain Zalah oil field, Northwestern Iraq. This is the first documentation of calcareous nannofossils in the Mushorah Formation, the Paleontological classification of this flora led to determine forty species. The nannobiostratigraphic analysis suggested three calcareous nannofossils biozones these are: (1) Calculites obscurus Interval Biozone; (2) Broinsonia parca Interval Biozone;(3) Misceomarginatus pleniporus Interval Biozone. These biozones concluded that the age of studied section of the Mushorah Formation is Early to Middle Campanian.

Background: Anti-neoplastic drugs (ANDs) are a medical therapy utilized to fight cancer. Due to the possible health risks, safe handling and occupational exposure to anti-neoplastic agents have become significant concerns for oncology nursing staff. 
 
 Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses in handling ANDs at Hiwa Hematology/Oncology Hospital in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
 
 Materials and Methods: A quantitative-descriptive cross-sectional design was carried out on 91 nurses working in Hiwa Hematology/Oncology Hospital from March to June 2022. A questionnaire was designed and constructed by the researcher.
 
 Results: The findings of this study showed that the higher percentages level of nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice was 39.6%, 49.5%, and 51.6%, respectively, which indicated that the majority of participants in that hospital had a fair level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. A significant assertion was found between nurses' level of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward handling ANDs with age, employment status, years of experience in handling ANDs, receiving formal training, number of working hours per week, and exposure to an ANDs side effect. In addition, a highly significant association between nurses' level of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward handling ANDs (p=0.000) were found.
 
 Conclusion: We concluded that most of the sample had fair knowledge, attitude, and practice about handling ANDs, with a highly significant association.

Pure and rhodamine 6G (R6G) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructure thin films with different concentrations (310-4 , 310-5 , 310-6 , and 310-7 ) M of doped TiO2 sol were deposited on glass substrate via dip-coated sol-gel method. Amorphous structure of the pure and doped TiO2 thin films was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. UV-Visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectrophotometry techniques were used to study optical and spectroscopic characterization of the samples, respectively. The absorption spectra for all pure and doped TiO2 films indicate a strong absorbance in the UV region which open the possible application of these films for UV filter optical element. 50 nm blue shift of the absorption edge for the TiO2 films with respect to the sol was observed which proves the nanostructure texture of TiO2 thin films. Upon increasing dye concentration, a red shift in the maximum fluorescence emission peaks of R6G ethanolic solution and doped TiO2 sol was observed. The presence of R6G dye molecules in the matrix of TiO2 films is demonstrated by the appearance of two distinct intensity fluorescence peaks at 540 and 600 nm. Various fluorescence peaks of R6G doped TiO2 thin films were observed in UV-vis region under 300 nm pumping wavelength.

In Iraqi Kurdistan Region, as in most Mediterranean countries, assessment of soil erosion risks is a challenging task mainly due to the non-availability or insufficiency of relevant data. In the current study, the soil erosion risks have been estimated by integrating the spatial data on potential erosion rates and soil loss tolerance limits for conservation planning at the sub-catchment level in Chamchamal district, Sulaimani, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. To achieve the above objectives, the study catchment was delineated with the support of GIS after obtaining the Dem of Chamchamal district. The remote sensing (RS) and a geographic information system (GIS) were used to estimate the spatial distribution of soil erosion across the Chamchamal district, to identify the risk of soil erosion, and to develop a conservation priority map. People can reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data. Additionally, the study catchment was subdivided into 12 subcatchments using the same tool. The estimated annual soil loss for different subcatchments is characterized by a wide range of variations. It ranges from a minimum of 7.08 t ha-1 yr-1 at subcatchment 1 to as high as 252.31 t ha-1 yr-1 at sub-catchment 3. With a few exceptions, the soil tolerance limit at the investigated grid points was estimated at10 t ha-1 yr-1. The results also revealed that around 12% of the whole catchment has a negligible risk of soil erosion above the tolerance limits, and does not call for immediate soil conservation measures. The remaining area (454.96 km2) requires conservation planning with different prioritizations. Subcatchments 2, 3, 7, and 10 were identified as the worst affected districts in terms of soil erosion and therefore require immediate attention of natural resources. The weighted soil erosion risk index (WSERI) categorized sub-catchments 2, 3, 7, and 10 as being of topmost priority as it is the most severely affected areas. The recommended measures to conserve soil and water encompassed three broad categories, namely, vegetative, soil, and mechanical measures. Within the same sub-catchment, one or a combination of several measures can be implemented based on the nature and intensity of the problem.