В данной статье «Дневник Анны Франк» рассматривается через призму темы «границы», с особым акцентом на изучение пределов и способности восстанавливаться после трудных ситуаций. Анна Франк, еврейская девочка-подросток, задокументировала свои переживания во время Второй мировой войны, предоставив уникальное понимание сложности человеческого существования перед лицом тяжелых испытаний. В дневнике тема границ исследуется с различных точек зрения: идентичности, пространства, страха, мужества, человечности и надежды. Исследование глубоко анализирует мысли и диалоги Анны, внимательно рассматривая, как она преодолевала эмоциональные, физические и личные границы в условиях укрытия. Кроме того, изучается литературная значимость дневника в преодолении культурных и поколенческих барьеров, что подчеркивает его непреходящее значение в осмыслении человеческой стойкости и стремления к лучшему миру. Журнал Анны Франк отражает процесс её самопознания и формирования чувства собственного «я». Анна и другие обитатели убежища переживают заточение, ограниченность передвижения и постоянный риск обнаружения. Физические границы влияют на их отношения, взаимодействие и эмоциональное состояние, подчеркивая трудности жизни в тайне.

The article is devoted to the specifics of the forms and methods of trade on the Far Eastern frontier in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. At the initial stage of colonization of the region, trade was distinguished by a number of features characteristic of frontier zones: the predominance of import trade, distribution trade carried out along the rivers from barges, fairs and mixed stationary trade. One of the main features of trade on the Far Eastern frontier was significant foreign influence. The competitive advantages of entrepreneurs from the USA and European countries were formed at the first stage of colonization from the delivery of goods by sea, the presence of established connections with suppliers of goods in the homeland, the possibility of obtaining a loan or the availability of working capital, the attraction of qualified compatriot employees, high quality of service and a comfortable environment in stores, and at the beginning of the 20th century – due to the export of technical innovations, further improvement of the quality of service, and the introduction of new standards of retail premises. We can speak of the perception of some of these practices by Russian merchants and positive changes in the organization of their trade business only in relation to the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. It is difficult to judge, given the lack of memoirs of regional entrepreneurs, whether this occurred under the influence of European entrepreneurs or it was a consequence of business development and the increased level of education of local merchants. The main reasons for the success of the Chinese traders were solidarity, the ability to please the customer, mutual lending, minimizing expenses on advertising, insurance, furnishings of retail premises, heating, lighting and wages of employees, as well as the use of illegal and legal, but morally dubious methods of enrichment - the sale of low-quality or spoiled goods, non-payment of taxes, smuggling, fraud. Russian and European entrepreneurs estimated the methods and practices of Chinese entrepreneurs negatively, and perceived them as dangerous competitors. The Asian influence on Russian entrepreneurial culture was complicated not only by the existence of a religious and cultural boundary between the Chinese and Russians, but also by the European idea of civilizational superiority and the civilizing mission of Europe, which was accepted by the educated society of the Russian Empire and formed the basis for the attitude not only towards aborigine, but also towards Chinese migrants.

Macrosocial identity in the regional communities of the North Caucasus is characterized by contradictions and complexity of formation processes, which is largely due to the frontier nature of the region. Recently, in the context of a sharp aggravation of the geopolitical situation, the conduct of a special military operation, the problems of the integrity and unity of the North Caucasian society as an integral part of Russia have come to the fore, updating issues of identity. The purpose of the study is to clarify, basing on the secondary analysis of data from various studies and comparison of the results of research projects, the levels of formation of different types of macrosocial identity in regional societies and establish their correlation with social practice in the regions. The study revealed inconsistency of the final data obtained by different scientists. Consideration of the social practices accumulated in regional societies made it possible, to a certain extent, to correct the assessment of the levels of formation of types of macrosocial identity in relation to a specific region of the North Caucasus. A conclusion is made, about the mosaic structure of public consciousness of the North Caucasian community and contradictory social practices that have developed in regional society. It has been defined that, under the influence of both external and internal destructive forces, identification processes acquire a risky orientation from time to time. The analytical material may be of interest to scientific teams studying identification problems, as well as for media and various institutions interested in using positive identification practices, such as cultural and edifying, organizing educational work among the population of the North Caucasus region.

The article analyzes the image of Germany, which was formed by the journalists of the domestic daily newspaper “Russian invalid” in 1914–1915, when the Russian Empire was in active military confrontation with the states of the Triple (later Quadruple) Alliance in the European Theater of Operations, and Germany was its main and most dangerous enemy on the Eastern Front. Correspondents of the “Russian Invalid”, the official printed organ of the Russian Military Ministry, in the first years of the First World War (1914–1915) on the pages of their newspaper paid special attention to the Hohenzollern Empire, its army, socio-economic and political development, direct participation German armed forces in the fighting of the Great War. The main part of the information about Germany by the authors of the publication we studied was placed in the headings “From Foreign Life”, “Public Life”, “Naval Department”, “Military Chronicle”, “Telegram” and “Articles”. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the German Empire on the pages of “Russian Invalid” appeared as the economic and military-political locomotive of the Triple (later Quadruple) Alliance, which made enormous efforts to implement the redistribution of spheres of influence in the then world and potential redistribution in its own benefit of colonial possessions.

The historiography of the dynamics of well-being in Soviet republics remains a subject of discussion, particularly with regard to the patterns of convergence or divergence in living standards and the stages at which these processes were predominant. A variety of socio-economic indicators are employed for assessment, including GDP per capita, real incomes, public expenditure, consumption, housing provision, and life expectancy. However, the sources utilized for the study of these parameters are often imperfect. In recent decades, anthropometric data have been employed as an indicator of well-being. Historical anthropometry has demonstrated that average human height (stature) serves as a sensitive and comprehensive measure of biological well-being. The objective of this article is to examine the processes of convergence and divergence in the well-being of Soviet republics through the lens of anthropometric data. The findings indicate that while the early decades of the USSR were characterized by convergence in average height and biological well-being, the last decades were characterized by the intensification of divergence among the Soviet republics. Inequality increased between the western and southeastern regions of the USSR. The conclusions derived from anthropometric data are supplied by other indicators and factors of well-being. The analysis highlights the significance of demographic models and sociocultural factors, alongside government policies, in influencing trends of convergence and divergence.

The study of charity in the Russian Empire has an extensive historiography. The specifics of its implementation in various ethnic groups are often beyond the scope of the study. The purpose of this research is to identify German charitable organizations that have become the elements of the civil society that has been formed in the capital. New forms of unification of citizens and colonists became one of the manifestations of modernization, which was later adopted by other groups of metropolitan residents. The basis of this research is made up of various types of published and archival sources, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. German charitable organizations have existed in St. Petersburg since the 1770s. Initially, they arose at parish churches and had religious orientation. Since the 1860s, German artisans and colonists initiated creation of funeral registers, which have been widely distributed throughout Russia since the 1880s. Being independent of the state, charitable organizations and mutual aid societies became an important indicator of the modernization of Russian society in the 19th and early 20th century. The article is intended for specialists and anyone interested in the social history and history of Russian Germans.

The Muslim population of Siberia represented an ethnically heterogeneous community, which included Tatars, as well as immigrants from Central and Central Asia, the Caucasus and other regions. Such polyethnicity and proximity to the Asian region, as one of the centers of Muslim culture, contributed to building contacts between Muslims of Siberia and Central Asia. Expansion of the territorial borders of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. and the government’s special interest in Central Asia has influenced the development of relations between the Muslim population of the two neighboring regions. The purpose of this study was to identify the main areas of interaction between the Muslim population of Siberia and Central Asia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, as well as to estimate the role of the state in regulating this process. Based on archival material, the author found that one of the areas of interaction of the Muslim population was organizing spiritual life. Despite the fact that the government, in an effort to extend its influence to the Asian region, provided support to the Muslim population in the second half of the 19th century, the same building codes were applied to the construction of religious buildings for Bukharans, as for all other Muslims. The closest contacts between the Muslims of Siberia and the Bukharians were built within the framework of pilgrimage trips, since often the way to Mecca for them lay through the territories of Central Asia. In addition, there were holy places in the region, which the Muslims of Siberia aspired to. This fact was of particular concern to the Government. The reforms initiated in the country aimed at limitation of the rights of the Muslim population have reduced the migration flow from the Asian region to Siberia. The government paid special attention to the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church as a tool for involving Muslims of Siberia and Central Asia in the socio-cultural space of the empire.

The article explores one of the constructive materials, or patterns, of the Armenian text – the image of a pomegranate. Its multicultural genesis is revealed based on Sergei Parajanov’s film “The Color of Pomegranate”. The authors analyze not only the multi-ethnic contexts of the image of a pomegranate but also its different facets: in particular, the role of the image of a pomegranate in liminary situations – rites of passage (using the example of the biography of the artist Alexander Volkov, and the picturesque plots “Pomegranate Teahouse” by A. Volkov and “Rejoicing with a Pomegranate” by Usto Mumin, depicting the painted characters in their liminary stage – the Sufi state of hal, which raises the heroes to the highest level of knowledge). The image of the pomegranate is presented in the reception of the authors of Russian poetic texts: Mikhail Matusovsky, Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko, Boris Chichibabin, Fazil Iskander, Gevorg Kubatyan, German Getsevich, Amiram Grigorov, Sergei Gevorkyan, as well as in the translations from Omar Khayyám. The semantics of pomegranate is analyzed in the story “Pomegranate” by the Uzbek writer Abdullah Kahhar, as well as in the fragments of other prosaic texts (Dina Rubina, Timur Pulatov) and the film text “The Tree of Desire” by Tengiz Abuladze. The study reveals the Biblical and Koranic meanings of the pomegranate image. The polyphony of meanings of the image of a pomegranate in different cultures, in different types of art, and in different eras comes down to the homogeneity of the pomegranate, existentially revealed by Sergei Parajanov in the formula “the pomegranate is the whole world”.

The author analyzes the characteristics of the invention of traditions in modern Iroquois nationalism, a minority nationalist movement in the United States. The study examines the invention of traditions within the methodological frameworks of modern interdisciplinary historiography, particularly focusing on interventionist and imaginative turns, which are integral to analyzing minority nationalism. The author suggests that: 1) most traditions invented in modern Iroquois nationalism are political; 2) the concepts of “statehood” and “sovereignty” are central to the functioning of these political traditions; 3) the invention of traditions underscores the historical trauma of colonization and the institutionalization of the Iroquois’ unequal status as a minority group; 4) reproducing these invented traditions in political discourse is an effort to revitalize Iroquois identity; 5) the invented traditions of Iroquois nationalism serve a compensatory purpose, aiming to overcome the collective historical trauma of losing their political state tradition. Overall, the author suggests that the development of Iroquois nationalism hinges on the invention of traditions, which Native American ethnic and political activists actively use to consolidate Iroquois identity in the United States.