Elderly patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often exhibit atypical responses owing to age-related frailty and comorbidities. Although the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used for initial neurological assessment, it may be insufficient for accurate prognostication in geriatric populations. The elderly TBI (eTBI) score, which integrates clinical and laboratory markers, provides a broad evaluation framework and may enhance prognostic accuracy in conjunction with GCS. To evaluate the utility of combined GCS and eTBI scores in predicting 30-day functional outcomes in TBI patients aged 60 years or above. A prospective observational study was conducted in 75 elderly patients with TBI admitted to the Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences between April 2024 and March 2025. Clinical data were collected at admission and patients were stratified into risk categories using their eTBI scores. Functional outcomes were assessed after 30 days using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Correlation analysis and ordinal logistic regression were employed to evaluate predictive accuracy. GCS showed a strong correlation with 30-day GOS (ρ=0.823, p<0.001), while eTBI exhibited a moderate to strong correlation (ρ=0.648, p<0.001). Both were independent predictors in logistic regression analysis: GCS score (odds ratio [OR], 1.85) and eTBI (OR, 1.32). The combined model (GCS + eTBI) improved predictive power (Nagelkerke R2=0.71) compared to GCS alone (R2=0.67, p=0.002). High-risk patients showed an 80% mortality rate, whereas low-risk patients achieved a 51.1% rate of good recovery. Although GCS remains a strong standalone predictor, integrating eTBI enhances prognostic accuracy, especially in borderline cases. This combined approach enables better risk stratification and clinical decision making in geriatric patients with TBI.

PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42025638233.

Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, typically resulting from a laceration of the arterial wall due to adjacent skull fractures. We report an unusual case of a traumatic MMA pseudoaneurysm presenting with a large intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and significant subfalcine herniation that was successfully treated with preoperative glue embolization followed by decompressive craniectomy. This case emphasizes the importance of early vascular evaluation in traumatic ICH and highlights the value of endovascular embolization for achieving hemostatic control prior to surgery.

ObjectiveTraumatic brain injuries (TBIs) impact public health. In Cameroon, few studies have been conducted to map its current burden. The aim of this study was to characterise TBI over 5 years among patients treated at the Laquintinie Hospital of Douala (LHD) in Cameroon.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study over 5 years (January 2023 to December 2017) at the Neurosurgery Department of LHD. During this period, we enrolled 8,902 patients. We registered sociodemographic data, context, injury mechanism and etiologies of TBI from the department’s database. The data was analysed using R software and Pearson’s χ2 test of independence or Fisher’s exact test were used as association tests.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 34±15 years (1–99 years). Majority were men (78%), lived in urban areas (96%) and were self-employed (35%). TBI were classified as mild (83.4%), moderate (11.3%) and severe (5.4%). Road traffic accidents was the major cause of TBI (79%), involving motorbike taxis (53%) and pedestrians (34%). Alcohol consumption (14%) and vehicle overloading (22%) were associated with injuries. Poor safety measures through non use of seatbelts and helmets were associated with the severity of TBI. Mortality was significantly more common in severe cases (2%) compared to moderate (1.1%) and mild cases (0.4%).ConclusionPreventive measures targeting road safety, alcohol consumption and vehicle overloading are essential to reduce the prevalence of TBIs in Cameroon.

Cerebral fat embolism (CFE) is a rare but severe complication of trauma, most often linked to long bone or pelvic fractures. We report a 71-year-old woman who developed severe CFE after a pelvic fracture, resulting in profound coma despite early supportive treatment. Brain MRI showed the characteristic “starfield” pattern confirming the diagnosis. A systematic literature review identified 12 cases of severe CFE (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] ≤9) reported since 2010, including the present case. Initial GCS ranged from 3 to 9, with lower scores generally predicting poorer outcomes. Although some patients recovered after deep coma, no consistent prognostic factor—such as GCS score, corticosteroid therapy, or timing of orthopedic surgery—was identified. However, early diagnosis, aggressive supportive management, and timely fracture fixation were repeatedly emphasized as essential to improving outcomes. Multidisciplinary care involving neurologists, intensivists, and orthopedic surgeons was critical. Severe CFE remains an uncommon but often devastating condition with high morbidity. Prognosis is variable but tends to correlate with initial neurological status. Greater awareness and early intervention may enhance survival and neurological recovery, while further studies are needed to clarify prognostic determinants and establish standardized management strategies.

ObjectiveShallow water diving-related spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are a significant cause of cervical spine trauma, particularly in younger individuals. This study retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of patients with SCI caused by shallow-water diving accidents at a regional trauma center on Jeju Island, South Korea. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the timing of treatment, injury characteristics, and prognosis.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted of patients with cervical SCI resulting from shallow-water diving injuries admitted to the trauma center over a 9-year period. The data were obtained from medical records and neurological outcomes were measured using the American Spinal Injury Association scale. Statistical analyses, including correlation and multiple regression analyses, were performed to identify factors influencing prognosis.ResultsThirty-four patients with cervical SCI resulting from shallow-water diving were included in this study. No statistically significant correlation was found between surgical timing and prognosis; however, significant correlations with prognosis were identified for mean canal compromise (MCC), mean spinal cord compression, and lesion length. In the multiple regression analysis, higher MCC and severe SCI, particularly hemorrhagic injury, were associated with prognosis. The mean time from injury to surgery was 1.25 days.ConclusionThis study indicates that, specifically for patients with a higher MCC but less severe SCI, appropriate and more rapid intervention may improve prognosis. However, further large-scale studies are required to clarify the favorable factors and their role in achieving a good prognosis.

ObjectiveTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Preclinical and clinical studies investigating the effects of curcumin on TBI indicate that curcumin can modulate essential signaling pathways and molecules that mediate neuroinflammation in TBI. This study aimed to explore the effects of turmeric on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorder following repetitive traumatic brain injuries (rTBIs) in a rat model.MethodsSixty male Rattus norvegicus were housed in a controlled environment. A modified Marmarou weight drop model was used. Turmeric extract was administered once daily in the morning. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used to evaluate the expression of all markers. Following incubation with normal rabbit serum, the slides were subsequently incubated with monoclonal antibodies targeting tau protein (AT-8), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.ResultsrTBI significantly increased the levels of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α and GFAP. A substantial decrease of TNF-α expression was observed in the treatment group. A distinct trend was observed for GFAP expression, which was markedly decreased after the rest period compared to that in the trauma group. Phosphorylated tau expression decreased in both the treatment and pretreatment groups relative to that in the trauma and rest groups. TDP-43 expression was also significantly decreased in the treatment and pretreatment groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, Turmeric demonstrates significant potential as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in rTBI, especially when used as a preventive measure. Our findings challenge the significance of rest in concussion management.

This article aimed to assess and discuss the current diagnostic and treatment approaches for post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in preterm infants with the goal of enhancing their quality of life and minimizing long-term complications. This literature review used a multilevel analysis of contemporary studies on intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and PHH in preterm neonates from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, applying strict selection criteria and double independent assessments to ensure the reliability and relevance of the findings. This review emphasizes the complexity of IVH and PHH in preterm neonates and highlights diverse approaches in diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of advanced neuroimaging for accurate diagnosis and the potential of neuroendoscopic lavage in reducing shunt dependency and the risk of infections; however, there is a clear need for further research into long-term outcomes and the development of less invasive treatments. The efficacy of combined techniques using temporary manipulation followed by permanent drainage systems, which ensure normal positioning of the postnasal drainage system and provides time for specialists to consider the optimal strategy, has also been demonstrated. This study will aid health professionals in making timely decisions, reducing neurological complications, and improving patient prognoses and quality of life.