This paper explores how Southeast Asia can build the legal foundations to support a “Twin Transition”: the shift toward both digital transformation and green sustainability, through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Given ASEAN’s diverse legal systems, climate risks, and infrastructure gaps, PPPs are key to attracting private investment and innovation. But managing both digital and green goals in long-term contracts requires legal frameworks that are flexible, fair, and adapted to regional realities. This paper details a range of legal tools and mechanisms crucial for navigating this nexus in Southeast Asia. This includes the evolution of performance-based contracts to encompass both digital efficiency metrics and specific environmental outcomes, alongside innovative risk allocation strategies for technological obsolescence, cybersecurity, and climate-related events pertinent to the region. The paper examines the transformative potential of smart contracts and blockchain for enhancing transparency, accountability, and automated compliance in ASEAN’s digital-green projects, while also addressing their inherent vulnerabilities and regulatory challenges across diverse jurisdictions. Furthermore, it delves into the critical role of comprehensive data governance frameworks, including privacy-enhancing technologies and emerging AI governance standards, to manage the vast data generated by smart green infrastructure. Finally, it highlights the importance of fostering adaptive regulatory sandboxes for accelerating innovation, establishing robust dispute resolution mechanisms for complex, integrated projects, and leveraging existing and emerging international legal norms (e.g., cross-border data privacy rules, ASEAN digital integration frameworks) for facilitating greater regional collaboration in the Twin Transition. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a proactive, adaptive, and ethically grounded legal architecture within ASEAN that can effectively bridge the divide between digital innovation and environmental stewardship, enabling PPPs to fully realize their potential as catalysts for a truly sustainable, technologically advanced, and resilient future across Southeast Asia.

The integration of digital evidence, psychological profiling, forensic science, and sophisticated analytical methods in criminal investigations and judicial proceedings is examined in this study. The significance of artificial intelligence and data analytics in case evaluation is also discussed, as is the function of forensic methods, such as DNA analysis, fingerprint identification, ballistics, and others, in establishing factual evidence. To maintain law and order in our society, this study will examine how scientific and contemporary technologies are used in criminal investigations. The issues with investigations, modern sciences, and the fundamentals of forensics in India are also covered.

The aim of the paper is a legal-dogmatic analysis of prohibited acts committed using drones in the context of selected legal regulations in aviation law, contained in the Act of 3 July 2002 - Aviation Law, as well as certain international laws. The research employs the dogmatic method, literature analysis, and a review of current case law. The paper attempts to address terminological dilemmas concerning drones and examines prohibited acts defined in the Aviation Law from the perspective of the still ongoing interpretative challenges. The conducted research has led to conclusions and the formulation of de lege ferenda postulates, outlined in the summary, whose incorporation into the current legislation should be considered.

Representing a child in criminal proceedings is an issue that legislators worldwide are struggling with. This issue is particularly important when the perpetrator of the crime is a person below the age of 18, and they are trying to protect their rights as a suspect and accused. The aim of the article is to analyse the provisions introduced by the Act of 14 April 2023, amending the Act – Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts, that are intended to constitute the implementation of Directive 2016/800 on procedural guarantees for children who are suspects or defendants in criminal proceedings by Poland. The essence of the problem is whether the Polish legislator has met the requirements of the directive. The participation of representatives of the litigating parties in the preparatory and judicial proceedings, in addition to the activity of the litigants, is an additional guarantee of defending their procedural interests. The article points out that the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure, even after the changes, does not contain sufficient solutions in this respect, and it is necessary to implement legislative work aimed at the proper implementation of the directive and raising the standard of protection for children who are suspects or defendants in criminal proceedings.

This study aims to present the nature of international organisations' treaty-making powers, with a particular focus on their implied powers. While the powers expressly granted in the constitutional instrument of a given international organisation are clear, implied powers — a special category of attributed powers — require a complex implication process based on uncertain foundations and therefore attract far more criticism. Nevertheless, implication of powers allows for a more dynamic interpretation of attributed powers, which is especially important given the constantly evolving activities of international organisations in areas beyond the scope of their statutes. Due to the unique nature of this category of treaty-making powers and the associated questions concerning their basis and implication, the author considers this issue within the broader context of international organisations' capacities and powers.

Efficient spending of public funds is a crucial task for the state, even in times of particular threat and following the introduction of a state of emergency, whether martial law, a state of emergency, or a natural disaster. In such situations, it is essential to restore the state's normal functioning in the face of exceptional threats. Legal instruments and mechanisms specified in public procurement law can and should serve this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study will be to demonstrate the extent to which public procurement and its legal frameworks align with the normative solutions of states of emergency and how they can be useful and utilized in such situations.

This paper addresses issues concerning court jurisdiction in proceedings to determine whether a foreign judgment is recognised. The need to discuss this topic stems from the fact that, as regards jurisdiction, the provisions in Title I of Book Three, Part Four of the Code of Civil Procedure, which govern the recognition of judgments of courts of foreign states or decisions of other foreign authorities, are limited to the succinct rule set out in Article 1148^1 § 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP). Under that provision, an application for a determination that a judgment of a court of a foreign state is, or is not, subject to recognition is examined by the regional court that would have local jurisdiction to hear the case decided by the foreign court, or in whose circuit the locally competent district court is situated; failing such a basis, jurisdiction lies with the Regional Court in Warsaw. The doubts relate primarily to the method of determining the local jurisdiction of the court in this category of cases, in particular how to interpret the wording used in Article 1148^1 § 1 CCP: „the court locally competent to hear the case decided by the court of a foreign state or in whose circuit the locally competent district court is situated”. Given the topic of the article as framed above, it is also relevant to consider the court’s examination of jurisdiction in proceedings to determine whether a ruling of a foreign judgment is or is not recognised.

The paper discusses the issue of national preventive mechanisms established by states in the performance of duties imposed by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the United Nations. The purpose of the study is to present specific challenges related to the establishment and functioning of institutions responsible for monitoring places of detention at the national level. These challenges stem from the unique nature of the two-pillar system of prevention established by the OPCAT, and the dualism of national preventive mechanisms, which are rooted in both international and domestic law. The author’s research is based on an analysis of four significant aspects: the wide margin of appreciation granted to states in establishing national preventive mechanisms, the obligation to guarantee the independence of mechanisms, granting access to all places of detention, and cooperation with the Subcommittee on Prevention. The study includes examples of established national preventive mechanisms and an analysis of the first general comment to OPCAT, adopted in 2024.

In cooperative law, a crucial issue is the admissibility or inadmissibility of distributing the cooperative's assets among its members at the liquidation stage. Any assets remaining after liquidation are allocated for the purposes specified in the resolution of the last general meeting. This meeting may decide that the remaining assets are to be distributed, either wholly or in part, amongst the cooperative's members, or possibly amongst former members or heirs. It is important to determine both the timing of the distribution and those entitled to the liquidation surplus.

This paper examines the issue of states of emergency from the perspective of public economic law, with particular emphasis on constitutional issues and public procurement law. Public economic law aims to protect the fundamental values of a market economy, such as freedom of economic activity and private property, which may only be restricted by law and only for reasons of important public interest. The introduction of states of emergency allows the state to temporarily interfere with these freedoms to a far-reaching extent, which may result in an increase in the powers of the state at the expense of entrepreneurs and the risk of perpetuating emergency regulations. At the same time, the Constitution imposes on the state an obligation to act proportionately, to limit the duration of such measures and to take into account the principles of compensation, although legislative practice shows that ‘special laws’ are often used to evade these restrictions. Public procurement law is intended to ensure transparency, competitiveness and efficiency in the spending of public funds, but in emergency situations, the lawmakers often introduce special laws that completely exclude the application of these procedures. Such solutions increase the discretion of the administration at the cost of contractors, limiting competition and preventing the achievement of both procurement and non-procurement objectives of public contracts. The lack of intermediate mechanisms (e.g. shortened procedures) and the abuse of total exemptions from the application of the Public Procurement Law may lead to a market imbalance and the risk of discretionary spending of public funds, which should be assessed in the light of the principle of proportionality.