The article tackles the question of possible Jewish presence in Monte-negro before 1918. It is the first scholarly study on the topic. The introductory part summarizes the results of previous research on the presence of the Jews in the Bay of Cattaro (Boka Kotorska) and Montenegrin Littoral (Crnogorsko Primorje). Before 1918, this stretch of Adriatic coast, neighboring the independent principality / kingdom of Montenegro, belonged to the Republic of Venice and later the Habsburg Empire. However, the region maintained multiple lively links with Montenegro. Since the early 19th century until 1918, a small but steadily growing number of Jews (6 in 1811, 124 in 1910) lived in Kotor and other seaside towns. The main part of the text is dedicated to the territory of Montenegro in its pre-1918 frontiers. The research of a wide range of available sources – Montenegrin population censuses, official documents, period press as well as travelogues and other testimonies by foreign visitors – has revealed no mentions of Jews living in Montenegro proper. However, some Montenegrins did come into contact with the Jews beyond the borders of their homeland. The author then analyzes Jewish traces (including false traces) in Montenegrin toponomy, surnames and folk legends. He highlights the fact that there were no legal restrictions which would prevent Jews from settling in Montenegro or potentially hinder their religious rights. The country was also free of antisemitic prejudice, discourse and politics. The main reasons which prevented the influx of Jews into Montenegro in search of professional opportunities were insecurity (until 1878–80, Montenegrins were frequently engaged in wars and local conflicts with the Ottomans and their Muslim neighbors) and limited possibilities for economic and social advancement in this tiny and underdeveloped land. In the last part of the article, the author pays attention to the Sandžak, continental region with a longer Ottoman past, divided between Montenegro and Serbia only after the Balkan Wars of 1912–13.

The Guard in Montenegro has an long tradition since 1767 and the reign of Šćepan Mali. The Guard represents an important characteristic of the state, a symbol of statehood, its duration, military values and loyalty. The subject of this work is the uniforms of the guard units, namely: Perjanik Peter II and Prince Danilo, as well as Perjanik, the Guard and the Palace Guard during the time of Prince/King Nikola. Therefore, admission to service in the guard units required high criteria, while her uniform was representative, decorative, colorful with axelbenders, plumes, shiny sabers exuding full splendor. They reflected the symbol of statehood and the strength of the state and its dynasty. By their appearance and existence, their uniforms and insignia, they express the most important attributes of statehood, they are a symbol of national, state and dynastic affiliation. In addition to honor and security, guard units have a much more significant cultural or identity function that relates to the connection with culture and tradition, education and influence on the status of the state and its symbols.

Defined as fixed, unchangeable, and hereditary, the family name carries characteristics of historical and geographical identity. They originate from different word classes and different dialectal or homeland idioms. Therefore, their grammatical and lexical characteristics show certain particularities in relation to the standard language norm. Description of morphological and morphosyntactic characteristics of surnames in language manuals is mostly indicated in the case of foreign surnames, cases of declension of female sur-names ending in -a, writing and declension of double surnames. Not rarely, Croatian surnames and their declension patterns are causing problems for Croatian language speakers. This paper analyzes surnames of the region of Zadar, their formation patterns as well as their peculiarities in relation to the standard language form. Analyzed surnames are chosen according to their re-presentation and include all formation suffixes of surnames of the region of Zadar. This paper also tries to define to what extent speakers of the Croatian language have difficulties in defining their declension patterns. The starting assumption of the research study is that, because of their geographical distribution or frequency of use, certain surnames are closer and more familiar to Croatian native speakers. Hence, less deviation from the standard is observed in their declension by comparison to the declension of surnames that are less represented or less widespread.

This paper explores cognitive aspects of enumeration. The material of the study is economic discourse. Enumeration is considered as a means to structure and represent professional information in the sphere of business communication, related to the domains of the economic system. Cognitive approach to enumeration involves analysing both homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative series. In economic discourse semantically homogeneous enumerations are represented by economic spheres of human activity, while semantically heterogeneous enumerative series presuppose correlation between economic and other spheres of human activity. The analysis of enumerative series in business periodicals revealed business communication spheres, which are related to the domains of the economic system. The processes domain is represented by the internal processes within companies. The institutes domain is represented by companies, organizations and enterprises. The instruments domain is implemented by the instruments in the business sphere. The indicators domain is represented by the indicators in the sphere of business. Homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative series serve to concretise, illustrate, frame and structure the information, as well as define, interpret and inform about processes, institutes, instruments and indicators in the business sphere. Generally enumeration aims to structure and represent knowledge in the sphere of professional communication.

In this paper we deal with the early prose works by Gabriele D’Annunzio, Terra vergine, Il libro delle vergini and Le novelle della Pescara. The aim of the paper is to single out the female characters that are frequently present in D’Annunzio’s early collections of short stories and describe them according to their common features and in relation to the narrower literary context of the 19th century. Common or similar physical characteristics of the characters, their internal conflicts, their emotional states, as well as their behavior and attitude towards other characters point to the same issues that are repeated in these early author’s works and that are related to the elements of Decadent movement but also to the presence of elements of Verism. Based on the above, the aim is to connect the types of female characters with the elements of Decadent movement and of Verism, as well as to describe the issues common to the author’s works in which a particular character appears as well as socio-historically contextualize this issue.

The political development of Montenegro in the last twenty years, i.e., from the country’s orientation towards state independence and its achievement, reveals that the national-formative processes within its Slavic population have not come to an end. This reality is most strongly manifested in the (traditionally) Orthodox community, but it is also present among the Catholic and Muslim population. In the context of the Orthodox community, the question of national identification is complicated by the simultaneous “offer” of the conception of Montenegrin and Serbian ethnicity, and by the ideological “testing of forces” between their promoters. Inter alia, through the unusually strong production of historical arguments that should go in favor of Montenegrin or Serbian ethnicity. At the same time, the points of view that strive to assert that one of these two national identifications is older than the other and therefore more authentic on the soil of Montenegro are of particular importance. In any case, the answer to the question about the time during which the initial forms of contemporary ethnic identities are formed can only be obtained through the analysis of medieval ethnic development on the soil of today’s Montenegro, which is the subject of the present paper. Yet, it must necessarily go beyond the Montenegrin-Serbian context, given that in the observed period the prerequisites for subsequent formation in the Croatian national sense are also created in the Catholic, Slavic and Slavized Romani population on the territory of today’s Montenegro.

Koneski’s time is the period of codification of the Macedonian literary language at the given suitable moment. History shows that this was a long-awaited act in the linguistic creativity of the Macedonian people and that Blaže Koneski played a key role in that process, not only at that time but also later with his literary and research engagement in the field of linguistics and poetics. At the same time, this is the time of stylistic syntheses in the development of the Macedonian language through all modern media, both print and electronic, and based on that Koneski developed his original theory of the development of literary languages, having in mind his own experience and following the linguistic creativity of his contemporaries.

The article raises the problem of social advertising as one of the varieties of influential social and institutional communication. In particular, in a comparative aspect, strategies and means of the speech impact realizing of the French and Ukrainian discourses of social advertising on the recipient are established. It was found that social advertising, which plays an important role in the formation of norms and moral values of society, simultaneously performs a number of functions, namely: informative, educational, economic, social-regulatory, and the like. The identification of linguistic and paralinguistic means of advertising messages influence on the addressee allows us to conclude that speech impact is the basic component of the social advertising discourse, which changes the consciousness, behavior, desires and intentions of the recipient. The level of perception, awareness, memorization of socially important information by the addressee depends on the advertising text structuring, in particular on the selection of linguistic means. The study of the means of the pragmatic potential realizing of the social advertising discourse in French and Ukrainian languages made it possible to identify strategies for achieving speech impact, namely, the self-doubt overcoming, the confidence achievement, the emotions influence, the categoricalness manifestation, the instant attention attraction, the reassurance, the warning etc. It was found that the pragmatic influence of advertising texts on the recipient in both Ukrainian and French is attained by the use of modal verbs, the pronoun you, exclamation and interrogative sentences, possessive pronouns and adjectives yours, your, the indefinite form of the verb, the expletive words, expressive adjectives, tropes, non-verbal means (print, capital letters, images), the emphasis turns. In French social advertising texts, a poetic form was also found.

inostranaca, a u prvome redu Pavla Apolonovia Rovinskoga, od zaborava sauvan znaajan korpus etnografskih podataka o Crnoj Gori,