ABSTRACT Bundelkhand is a region in central India demarcated on the basis of uniform socio-cultural practices. During the later eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a peculiar garden-style developed under the patronisation of the princely states in Bundelkhand. The gardens of Bundelkhand have a characteristic typology and identical gardens can be seen all across Bundelkhand. These walled gardens consist of an outhouse (kothi), a temple, well, stepwell (baoli/bawdi), irrigation channels (milai), and memorial structures. Their distinctiveness illustrates how regional styles flourished despite the influence of the Mughal, Rajput and Colonial styles which otherwise dominated the Indian garden landscape in this period. Following the authors’ previous papers on the typology of Bungali gardens, the present paper compares them with the other established garden types in India: Mughal, Rajput and Colonial. The comparison is helpful to understand the development of regional garden style, sometimes influenced by other typologies, yet which developed into an independent type.

ABSTRACT The spiny burnet (sarcopeterium spinosum) bush is very common in the hilly region of Israel. The inhabitants of the country utilised the bush for various purposes, mainly for heating. The special characteristics of the bush – that it reaches its burning point at a high temperature within a short time and has a wide availability - led manufacturers and industrialists who needed heating energy to make extensive use of it throughout history. One of the uses was as fuel for lime kilns in the hilly region, on which this article focusses, considering what spiny burnet was so extensively used, the logistics of its use, and the industry’s impact on the landscape. The manufacture of quicklime, however, harmed the environment by destroying the flora and the undergrowth from time to time, because the need for a large quantity of spiny burnet plants left the soil bare, resulting in serious erosion.

ABSTRACT More than 80 per cent of the world's landscapes are influenced significantly by human activities, and current land-use and land cover trends are likely to increase the rate of landscape change at a significant rate in the near future. To manage and guide landscape change, and an advocacy of positive landscape change – rather than attempts to stop change as in traditional preservationist approaches – requires the identification of threats and opportunities. Tools to do this will need to be based on well-investigated evidence for the long-term past evolution of landscapes and the understanding of possible future scenarios for change. Historic landscape characterisation (HLC) is a GIS-based method employed to interpret and study landscapes with a particular focus on representing and mapping the aspects of landscape character which result from past cultural processes. This paper introduces a new protocol which uses HLC data to model future landscape evolution and to simulate scenarios of landscape change. It describes a computer-based simulation framework derived from landscape ecology and used with HLC datasets during research on a region in southern Turkey. Such integrated modelling protocols have the potential to assist landscape planners to develop holistic and informative approaches to managing landscape change.

ABSTRACT This paper promotes the application of geoarchaeology—joint studies using historical, archaeological and heritage approaches—to the conservation and management practice of castles and landscapes in the context of ‘castlescapes’. Using case studies from recent research on medieval castles in frontier regions of the eastern Baltic and Spain, it demonstrates how geoarchaeology can create synergies between on-site and off-site environments and between cultural and natural heritage and draw valuable information from soils and sediments about the changing form and function of spaces within castles, and about the links between these spaces and activities in their hinterlands. Geoarchaeological approaches can also illuminate the diachronic biographies that hide from visitors in the buried archaeology of castles, which to most visitors would be blank cavasses, but which can provide snap-shots of castle life in the context of a wider landscape. Castles are commonly publicly recognised as being important historical monuments, but from a heritage perspective they are often presented in isolation from their associated historical territories, and often (especially in frontier regions) appropriated within modern politics, which has influenced both heritage management decisions and research frameworks.

ABSTRACT Linen is made from flax. Before 1914 the crop had largely fallen out of cultivation in England, but especially in the latter part of the First World War, it became essential for Britain to greatly increase the amount it grew as imports of it largely stopped. The military’s demands for linen-based products such as tents and webbing were already almost insatiable, and as the size of the air fleet, and aircraft themselves, continued to grow, there was a specific requirement for high-quality ‘aircraft cloth’ to cover wings and airframes. This article describes wartime flax cultivation, especially on the Bedfordshire–Northamptonshire border. Much of the crop was gathered by prisoners of war and college girls, activity recorded in paintings by Randolph Schwabe, an official war artist.

"The Ancient Ways of Wessex: Travel and communication in an early medieval landscape." Landscapes, 19(2), pp. 170–171

"Basingstoke: a medieval town, c.1000–c.1600 / Cheltenham before the spa." Landscapes, 19(1), pp. 86–87

"Assembling Enclosure: Transformations in the rural landscape of post-medieval north-east England." Landscapes, 19(1), pp. 85–86