Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is being increasingly applied in regenerative medicine due to its ability to modulate cellular metabolism and support repair processes. However, the effect of various exposure parameters on fibroblast activity still does not remain fully understood. The study aim was to evaluate the effect of selected LLLT parameters (808nm, 100 and 200 mW, 2 and 10J/cm², pulsed beam) on the biological activity of fibroblasts in vitro. Fibroblasts were exposed to the established exposure parameters, and then the number of adherent and metabolically active cells, their migration, adenylate kinase (AK) as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine secretion, metalloproteinase (MMP-2, MMP-9) activity, and oxidative-antioxidant potential were assessed. The most favourable effects were achieved with 200 mW; 2J/cm² and 100m; 10J/cm² exposure parameters. In these conditions, increased number of adherent and metabolically active cells, and elevated migration were observed. Moreover, in this condition decreased AK release and NO secretion were found. Furthermore, LLLT reduced in fibroblasts interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion as well as affected the activity of metalloproteinases, what corresponded with subsequent wound healing process. Additionally, a beneficial effect on maintaining the oxidative-antioxidant balance in fibroblasts was noted. In summary, the effects of LLLT on fibroblasts depend on the applied irradiation parameters, and appropriately selected LLLT treatment (200 mW; 2J/cm² and 100 mW; 10J/cm²,) stabilise fibroblast metabolism, limits their proinflammatory response and promotes extracellular matrix remodelling (ECM). These results confirm the potential of LLLT as an effective method supporting regenerative processes in the treatment of tissue damage.

This literature review examines the transformative role of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in enhancing optical spectroscopy for breast cancer diagnosis. By synthesizing advancements from peer-reviewed studies (2015-2025), we evaluate how ML/DL integration improves the detection of malignancy-associated biochemical changes, enabling noninvasive, rapid, and accurate differentiation between healthy and cancerous tissues. This review highlights key spectroscopic modalities, such as Raman, fluorescence, diffusive optical spectroscopy (DOS), and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), and their integration with AI-driven models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), support vector machines (SVMs), and logistic regression. These techniques achieve diagnostic accuracies of up to 94% in subtype classification (e.g., luminal A, HER2-positive) by analyzing spectral biomarkers such as hemoglobin, lipids, and collagen. Challenges such as data variability, model interpretability, and clinical integration barriers are critically assessed. These findings underscore the potential of ML/DL-enhanced spectroscopy to standardize diagnostics, reduce unnecessary biopsies, and personalize treatment monitoring. Future directions emphasize the need for explainable AI (XAI), multimodal data fusion, and large-scale, diverse datasets to bridge translational gaps. By addressing technical, ethical, and regulatory hurdles, this integration promises to advance early detection, improve clinical outcomes, and reshape precision oncology.

To evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the prevention of trismus in patients undergoing Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), through a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 46 patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) were included. Patients were equally and randomly allocated to PBMT and PBMT placebo groups and were evaluated daily by measuring mouth opening, pain during mouth opening, and pain on palpation of the masticatory muscles using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). An extraoral infrared laser (~ 808 nm), power of 0.1 W, energy of 3 J, 30 s (107 J/cm²) per point was used, applied extraorally to the anterior temporalis (AT), masseter (MM), and temporomandibular joints (TMJ), and intraorally to the medial pterygoid muscle (MP). The Food Quality Inventory (ASGP) and quality of life analysis (QoL) (OHIP-14) were also applied. Statistical analysis included Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and linear regression models (p < 0.05). Patients in the PBMT group showed a significantly smaller reduction in mouth opening during radiotherapy compared to the placebo group (p = 0.005), as well as a lower prevalence of masticatory muscle pain and grade 1 trismus (p = 0.002). No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), or the Anderson Symptom and Overall Performance scores (p > 0.05). Mouth opening did not differ between the groups at the six-month follow-up. Photobiomodulation therapy was effective in preventing trismus and masticatory muscle pain during radiotherapy. Clinical Trial Registration Clinical trial number: RBR-67qxnt9 (registered on 16/04/2025).

This study investigated the use of laser therapy for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in patients with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), compared with other desensitizing treatments. A systematic search was performed in electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Embase, and Web of Science. Additionally, trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and ReBEC), grey literature, and manual search were checked. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the RoB 2 tool. Given the heterogeneity in included studies, only a descriptive analysis was undertaken. From 2,450 potentially eligible studies, three randomized clinical trials were selected for full-text analysis, and included. These studies comprising 462 MIH-affected molars and incisors in patients aged 6–14 years. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 months. Interventions included diode lasers (808 nm, 980 nm) and a low-power Er: YAG protocol (0.4 W, 40 mJ, 10 Hz), compared with fluoride varnish, GLUMA desensitizer, or CPP-ACPF mousse. All studies reported DH reduction across groups; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between laser and other desensitizing treatments. Two studies were rated as high risk of bias, and one showed some concerns. Available evidence remains limited and heterogeneous due to few included studies and an overall fragile evidence base, indicating that laser therapy may reduce DH in MIH-affected teeth. Well-designed and standardized randomized clinical trials are still needed to strengthen the evidence base. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42024608626).

This review aims to investigate the mechanisms underlying the application of ablative fractional CO2 laser in scar treatment and analyze its effects on inflammatory responses, cell proliferation and collagen remodeling during wound healing. It focuses on how the fractional CO2 laser promotes skin repair by modulating molecular mechanisms, thereby effectively improving scar appearance. This review summarizes numerous clinical and experimental studies on ablative fractional CO2 laser treatment, focusing particularly on its regulatory effects on immune cells, fibroblasts, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), heat shock proteins (HSPs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at various stages of repair. The findings demonstrate that ablative fractional CO2 laser significantly improves scars through precise thermal damage and modulation of the tissue repair. Specifically, by precisely regulating key factors such as MMPs, TGF-β, HSPs, miRNAs, and bFGF during the tissue repair phases, it promotes re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and the synthesis and orderly deposition of collagen, thereby balancing antifibrotic and pro-repair effects to improve scar texture and function. The fractional CO2 laser is an effective modality for scar treatment that promotes scar resolution and wound healing through dynamic regulation. It demonstrates significant clinical efficacy for both atrophic and hypertrophic scars, offering new perspectives and approaches for future scar management.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the tumor microenvironment highly contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis. Recent findings introduce pirfenidone, a medication for pulmonary fibrosis, as a promising repurposed candidate for inhibiting CAFs. Moreover, photobiomodulation (PBM), or low-level laser therapy, has surfaced as a potential modality against cancer; however, its impact on CAFs is not thoroughly comprehended. The present study scrutinized the effects of PBM, pirfenidone, and PBM+pirfenidone on CAFs, and their consequent impact on cancer cells using the CAF-conditioned media. After treating CAFs with PBM at wavelengths 660 and 980 nm with/without PFD and then culturing cancer cells in the prepared conditioned media, cell viability, gene expression, migration, and clonogenic potential were evaluated. Results indicated that PBM reduced the anti-fibrogenic effects of pirfenidone on CAFs and increased their viability. PBM compensated for inhibited migration-inducing effects of CAFs by pirfenidone on cancer cells and promoted their clonogenic potential. Gene expression studies uncovered modulation of EMT and stemness-related genes by PBM and pirfenidone. In conclusion, findings propose that PBM could maintain pro-tumorigenic effects of CAFs even following treatment with the anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone; therefore, PBM should cautiously be used against cancer before further investigations expound the underlying mechanisms and optimize treatment protocols.